Monitoramento da infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (bvdv) em rebanhos bovinos / Monitoring of natural infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in cattle herds

A infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) foi monitorada em três rebanhos bovinos por meio de amostras de soro sangüíneo, obtidas em várias colheitas realizadas em cada rebanho, que foram submetidas ao teste de virusneutralização (VN) para o BVDV-1 e para o BVDV-2. As amostras não reagentes a pelo menos um dos genótipos e aquelas oriundas de bovinos com menos de seis meses de idade, reagentes ou não, foram analisadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase precedida pela transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para a pesquisa do BVDV. Em dois rebanhos o vírus não foi detectado em nenhuma amostra e a quantidade de animais reagentes ao vírus no teste de VN, principalmente nos animais jovens, diminuiu à medida que as colheitas foram realizadas. No entanto, no terceiro rebanho, a infecção permaneceu durante o período monitorado, pois o BVDV foi detectado em dois animais persistentemente infectados (PI) e também em um animal transitoriamente infectado (TI). O sistema de criação, bem como o intenso trânsito de animais, foram favoráveis à permanência da infecção nesse último rebanho. A dinâmica da infecção pelo BVDV foi variável nos rebanhos analisados, destacando a provável eliminação espontânea do BVDV no rebanho 1 e os fatores de risco relacionados à transmissão do BVDV, como a freqüente aquisição de animais de diversas procedências pelo rebanho 4, assim como a provável hipótese da infecção do rebanho 17 ter originado a partir do rebanho vizinho.

Natural infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was monitored in blood serum samples of three cattle herds. The samples were drawn in several harvests from each herd and submitted to virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. The non reactive samples to at least one of the genotypes and also those collected from calves younger than six months, were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In two herds, BVDV was not detected in any blood sample and the number of reactive samples to VN test, especially young animals, decreased as the blood sample harvests were conducted. However, in the third herd, the infection remained during the monitored period, because BVDV was detected in two persistently infected animals (PI) and also in one transiently infected animal (TI). The cattle breeding system and intense movement of animals were favorable to the permanence of infection in this last herd. The dynamics of BVDV infection changed in the analyzed herds, highlighting the probable self clearance of BVDV in herd 1 and the risk factors related to transmission of BVDV, such as the frequent purchase of animals from different origins for herd 4, as well as the probable hypothesis that infection of herd 17 may have originated from the neighboring herd.

MONITORING OF NATURAL INFECTION BY BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS (BVDV) IN CATTLE HERDS / Monitoramento da infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) em rebanhos bovinos

A infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) foi monitorada em três rebanhos bovinos por meio de amostras de soro sangüíneo, obtidas em várias colheitas realizadas em cada rebanho, que foram submetidas ao teste de virusneutralização (VN) para o BVDV-1 e para o BVDV-2. As amostras não reagentes a pelo menos um dos genótipos e aquelas oriundas de bovinos com menos de seis meses de idade, reagentes ou não, foram analisadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase precedida pela transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para a pesquisa do BVDV. Em dois rebanhos o vírus não foi detectado em nenhuma amostra e a quantidade de animais reagentes ao vírus no teste de VN, principalmente nos animais jovens, diminuiu à medida que as colheitas foram realizadas. No entanto, no terceiro rebanho, a infecção permaneceu durante o período monitorado, pois o BVDV foi detectado em dois animais persistentemente infectados (PI) e também em um animal transitoriamente infectado (TI). O sistema de criação, bem como o intenso trânsito de animais, foram favoráveis à permanência

MONITORING OF NATURAL INFECTION BY BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS (BVDV) IN CATTLE HERDS / Monitoramento da infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) em rebanhos bovinos.

A infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) foi monitorada em três rebanhos bovinos por meio de amostras de soro sangüíneo, obtidas em várias colheitas realizadas em cada rebanho, que foram submetidas ao teste de virusneutralização (VN) para o BVDV-1 e para o BVDV-2. As amostras não reagentes a pelo menos um dos genótipos e aquelas oriundas de bovinos com menos de seis meses de idade, reagentes ou não, foram analisadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase precedida pela transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para a pesquisa do BVDV. Em dois rebanhos o vírus não foi detectado em nenhuma amostra e a quantidade de animais reagentes ao vírus no teste de VN, principalmente nos animais jovens, diminuiu à medida que as colheitas foram realizadas. No entanto, no terceiro rebanho, a infecção permaneceu durante o período monitorado, pois o BVDV foi detectado em dois animais persistentemente infectados (PI) e também em um animal transitoriamente infectado (TI). O sistema de criação, bem como o intenso trânsito de animais, foram favoráveis à permanência

Monitoramento da infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (bvdv) em rebanhos bovinos / Monitoring of natural infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in cattle herds

A infecção natural pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) foi monitorada em três rebanhos bovinos por meio de amostras de soro sangüíneo, obtidas em várias colheitas realizadas em cada rebanho, que foram submetidas ao teste de virusneutralização (VN) para o BVDV-1 e para o BVDV-2. As amostras não reagentes a pelo menos um dos genótipos e aquelas oriundas de bovinos com menos de seis meses de idade, reagentes ou não, foram analisadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase precedida pela transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para a pesquisa do BVDV. Em dois rebanhos o vírus não foi detectado em nenhuma amostra e a quantidade de animais reagentes ao vírus no teste de VN, principalmente nos animais jovens, diminuiu à medida que as colheitas foram realizadas. No entanto, no terceiro rebanho, a infecção permaneceu durante o período monitorado, pois o BVDV foi detectado em dois animais persistentemente infectados (PI) e também em um animal transitoriamente infectado (TI). O sistema de criação, bem como o intenso trânsito de animais, foram favoráveis à permanência da infecção nesse último rebanho. A dinâmica da infecção pelo BVDV foi variável nos rebanhos analisados, destacando a provável eliminação espontânea do BVDV no rebanho 1 e os fatores de risco relacionados à transmissão do BVDV, como a freqüente aquisição de animais de diversas procedências pelo rebanho 4, assim como a provável hipótese da infecção do rebanho 17 ter originado a partir do rebanho vizinho.(AU)

Natural infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was monitored in blood serum samples of three cattle herds. The samples were drawn in several harvests from each herd and submitted to virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. The non reactive samples to at least one of the genotypes and also those collected from calves younger than six months, were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In two herds, BVDV was not detected in any blood sample and the number of reactive samples to VN test, especially young animals, decreased as the blood sample harvests were conducted. However, in the third herd, the infection remained during the monitored period, because BVDV was detected in two persistently infected animals (PI) and also in one transiently infected animal (TI). The cattle breeding system and intense movement of animals were favorable to the permanence of infection in this last herd. The dynamics of BVDV infection changed in the analyzed herds, highlighting the probable self clearance of BVDV in herd 1 and the risk factors related to transmission of BVDV, such as the frequent purchase of animals from different origins for herd 4, as well as the probable hypothesis that infection of herd 17 may have originated from the neighboring herd.(AU)

Occurrence of neutralizing antibodies against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 in cattle herds from Minas Gerais and São Paulo States, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 e o BVDV-2 em rebanhos bovinos de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, Brasil

The occurrence of neutralizing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) has been confirmed by virus neutralization test (VN) in samples of blood serum from 26 cattle herds which were not BVDV vaccinated, located in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil. Ten blood samples were collected from each herd, five samples from 6 to 12-month-old calves and five samples from adult bovines. Of the total samples analyzed, 102 (39.2%) were reactive to BVDV, more specifically, 81 (31.1%) were reactive to BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, seven (2.7%) were reactive to BVDV-1 only and 14 (5.4%) were reactive to BVDV-2 only. Except for two herds, in all others at least one animal was detected reactive to BVDV, however, one of them was reactive to BVDV-2 only. In six herds, neutralizing antibodies were detected in blood serum from 6 to 12-month-old calves. Therefore, were indicative of recent BVDV infection and also suggested the likely presence of an infection source in the herd. The results showed the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies against BVDV genotypes in cattle herds located in the states analyzed, but these same results demonstrated the differences in the number of bovines reactive for BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, thus demonstrating the need to use strains from each genotype in VN tests for serological diagnosis of BVDV.

A ocorrência de anticorpos neutralizantes contra os genótipos do vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV-1 e BVDV-2) foi determinada pelo teste de virusneutralização (VN) em amostras de soro sangüíneo provenientes de 26 rebanhos bovinos não vacinados contra o BVDV, localizados nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 10 amostras por rebanho, sendo cinco de bovinos adultos e cinco de bovinos com idade entre 6 e 12 meses. Do total de 260 amostras analisadas, 102 (39,2%) reagiram ao BVDV, das quais 81 (31,1%) foram reagentes tanto ao BVDV-1 quanto ao BVDV-2, sete (2,7%) reagiram apenas ao BVDV-1 e 14 (5,4%) reagiram apenas ao BVDV-2. Com exceção de dois rebanhos, nos demais foram detectados pelo menos um animal reagente ao BVDV, entretanto, foram detectados animais reagentes apenas ao BVDV-2 em um deles. Em seis rebanhos foram detectados anticorpos neutralizantes nos bovinos da faixa etária de 6 a 12 meses, sendo, portanto, indicativos da infecção recente pelo vírus e também sugestivos da provável presença da fonte de infecção no rebanho. Os dados obtidos mostraram a ocorrência de anticorpos neutralizantes contra os genótipos do BVDV em rebanhos bovinos localizados nos Estados analisados, mas os resultados apresentaram diferenças no número de bovinos reagentes ao BVDV-1 e ao BVDV-2, ressaltando assim a necessidade da utilização de estirpes de cada genótipo nos testes de VN para o diagnóstico sorológico do BVDV.

OCCURRENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AGAINST BVDV-1 AND BVDV-2 IN CATTLE HERDS FROM MINAS GERAIS AND SÃO PAULO STATES, BRAZIL / Ocorrência de anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 e o BVDV-2 em rebanhos bovinos de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, Brasil.

A ocorrência de anticorpos neutralizantes contra os genótipos do vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV-1 e BVDV-2) foi determinada pelo teste de virusneutralização (VN) em amostras de soro sangüíneo provenientes de 26 rebanhos bovinos não vacinados contra o BVDV, localizados nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 10 amostras por rebanho, sendo cinco de bovinos adultos e cinco de bovinos com idade entre 6 e 12 meses. Do total de 260 amostras analisadas, 102 (39,2%) reagiram ao BVDV, das quais 81 (31,1%) foram reagentes tanto ao BVDV-1 quanto ao BVDV-2, sete (2,7%) reagiram apenas ao BVDV-1 e 14 (5,4%) reagiram apenas ao BVDV-2. Com exceção de dois rebanhos, nos demais foram detectados pelo menos um animal reagente ao BVDV, entretanto, foram detectados animais reagentes apenas ao BVDV-2 em um deles. Em seis rebanhos foram detectados anticorpos neutralizantes nos bovinos da faixa etária de 6 a 12 meses, sendo, portanto, indicativos da infecção recente pelo vírus e também sugestivos da provável presença da fonte de infecção no rebanho. Os dados obtidos mostraram a ocorrência de anticorpos neutralizantes contra os gen&o

Planejamento estético na implantodontia: considerações anatômicas, cirúrgicas e protéticas / Aesthetic planning in implant dentistry: anatomical, surgical and prosthetic considerations

Na implantodontia moderna o conceito de restabelecer função sem maior preocupação com a estética está ultrapassado. O planejamento atual tem que devolver função e estética de forma previsível, e para isso, as variáveis biológicas e suas conseqüências nos tecidos perimplantares e periodontais devem ser conhecidas. O objetivo desse estudo é, através de uma revisão da literatura, apontar as condições anatômicas, cirúrgicas e protéticas adequadas para prever resultados estéticos no tratamento com implantes

In the modern implantology the concept of re-establish function without more concern with aesthetic is overshot. The present treatment planning has to restore function and aesthetic in the foreseeable way, and to do chat, the biological variables and their consequences in the periimplant and periodontal soft tissues must be know. The purpose of this paper is, through the literature review, point the anatomic, surgical and prosthetic appropriate conditions to foresee aesthetic results in the treatment with dental implants

Non-invasive diagnosis of acute rejection in kidney transplants with delayed graft function.

Delayed graft function (DGF) often occurs in kidney transplants from deceased donors. We wanted to provide studies giving more accurate non-invasive tests for acute rejection (AR). Using real-time PCR, we examined the expression of cytolytic molecules such as perforin, granzyme B, and fas-ligand along with serpin proteinase inhibitor-9. We also measured the expression of FOXP3, a characteristic gene of T-regulatory cells known to be involved in AR. These studies were conducted on peripheral blood monocytes, urinary cells, and 48 surveillance kidney biopsies taken from a total of 35 patients with DGF. Of these patients, 20 had a histopathological diagnosis of AR, whereas other 28 had characteristics of acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Expression of cytolytic and apoptotic-associated genes in the biopsy tissue, peripheral blood leukocytes, and urinary cells was significantly higher in patients with AR than that in patients with ATN. Diagnostic parameters associated with FOXP3 gene expression were most accurate in peripheral blood leukocytes and urine cells with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy between 94 and 100%. Our study shows that quantification of selected genes in peripheral blood leukocytes and urinary cells from renal transplant patients with DGF may provide a useful and accurate non-invasive diagnosis of AR.

Prolactin and growth hormone secretion after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone infusion and dopaminergic (DA2) blockade in infertile patients with minimal/mild endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: The origin of infertility in patients with endometriosis without tubal occlusion has not yet been clearly defined. Several reports show an abnormal pituitary-ovarian axis in this group of patients. Moreover, prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) secretion is closely related to reproductive status. This study aimed to evaluate PRL and GH secretion after metoclopramide and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) infusion in infertile patients with minimal/mild endometriosis. METHODS: A total of 64 women participated in the study: 33 fertile patients without endometriosis; 10 fertile patients with minimal/mild endometriosis; and 21 infertile patients with minimal/mild endometriosis. TRH or metoclopramide was administered randomly in two sequential menstrual cycles (cycle days 3-5). Serum PRL and GH secretion before and after dopaminergic type 2 (DA2) receptor blockade and TRH were compared. RESULTS: Higher serum PRL levels were observed in patients with endometriosis at baseline and after 15 and 30 min of TRH administration. Also, infertile patients with endometriosis had lower serum estradiol levels than fertile patients. Moreover, the dopaminergic blockade did not result in abnormal PRL or GH secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased serum estradiol levels and altered PRL secretion after TRH administration in infertile patients with minimal/mild endometriosis are related to ovulatory dysfunction and infertility in this group of patients without tubal occlusion.

Growth hormone and prolactin secretion after metoclopramide administration (DA2 receptor blockade) in fertile women.

In this report, we will describe the results of a cross-sectional study to assess PRL and GH secretion during the early follicular phase in 22 fertile patients after metoclopramide administration in order to achieve a dopaminergic DA2 receptor blockade. Blood samples were collected at - 15, 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. PRL, GH, estradiol, IGF-I, TSH, glucose, and insulin were measured in the samples taken at - 15 and 0 minutes. The existence of a correlation between GH and PRL secretion was investigated. All patients presented normal serum levels of estradiol, prolactin, insulin, fasting glucose and IGF-I. Serum GH levels were not changed after metoclopramide infusion (p = 0.302), but there was a significant alteration in serum PRL (p = 0.0001) with the highest levels after 30 (mean: 237.20 ng/ml +/- 95.86) and 45 (mean: 211.80 ng/ml +/- 83.24) minutes. Serum GH levels did not correlate with serum PRL levels after the dopaminergic DA2 blockade. We conclude that GH secretion was not modulated by a direct effect of type 2 dopamine receptor.

The primate frontal eye field and the generation of saccadic eye movements: comparison of lesion and acute inactivation/activation studies.

The frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys has been repeatedly implicated in the generation of saccadic eye movements by various experimental approaches. Electrical stimulation of most of the FEF produces saccadic eye movements, many cells have activities related to saccades, and it has anatomical connections with many other oculomotor areas. Surprisingly, complete lesions of the FEF have remarkably little effect on oculomotor behavior. Only when more cognitive aspects are tested is a deficit clearly detected. In contrast, acute inactivation of the FEF of monkeys with the GABA agonist muscimol produced much more severe oculomotor impairment. This difference is probably due to the acute nature of the muscimol effect, which does not allow time for reorganization of the control of eye movements before testing begins. In addition, acute activation of the FEF with the GABA antagonist bicuculline caused the monkey to make irrepressible saccades of the same dimensions as those electrically elicited at the site. These experiments further confirm the strong involvement of the FEF in the control of saccadic eye movements and fixation.

[Development and current aspects of occupational health in Brazil]. / Evolução e aspectos atuais da saúde do trabalhador no Brasil.

The main objective of this study is to describe and analyze the health situation of workers in Brazil in the 1980s, as a process with technical, political, socioeconomic, and cultural dimensions. The main sources of data and information were: the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the National Institute of Social Security (INSS), and international agencies like the International Labor Office (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and available specialized literature. The severity of the workers' patterns of morbidity and mortality emerges from this analysis, as well as the inadequacy of the public policies implemented by the State to deal with these issues and find efficient solutions. The study also points out the importance of the social process that occurred in this decade, with the participation of workers and health professionals, which was responsible for important achievements, particularly in the field of legislation. In conclusion, some issues and challenges for further improvement of the workers' quality of life, through the improvement of health and working conditions, are presented.

[From occupational medicine to workers' health]. / Da medicina do trabalho à saúde do trabalhador.

The evolution of the concepts and practice of occupational medicine, occupational health and workers' health is tentatively reviewed. An attempt is made to answer the following questions: what were the major characteristics of occupational medicine throughout its evolution? How and why did occupational medicine evolve into occupational health? Why has the "occupational health model" become inadequate? Within what context did workers' health arise? What are the principal characteristics of workers' health?

Disparity selective units in the superior colliculus of the opossum.

Binocular visual responses can be recorded in two regions of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the opossum. The direct binocular region (DBR) represents the binocular portion of the contralateral hemifield whereas the rostral pole (RP) represents the binocular portion of the ipsilateral hemifield. In the present study single units from both of these regions were tested with binocular and monocular stimulation. Most cells in both regions showed response facilitation when both eyes were simultaneously stimulated and, when tested with different binocular disparities, most cells showed broadly-tuned disparity selectivity. DBR units usually preferred disparities near zero whereas RP units had a wider range of preferred disparities, with a tendency toward positive (crossed) values. This data indicates that the superior colliculus of the opossum could provide a neural substrate for a coarse analysis of depth and also might help control vergence eye movements. The different ranges of disparity selectivity of DBR and RP are consistent with the previously reported monocular receptive-field data and suggest that DBR and RP analyze different depths of the 3-dimensional visual scene.