Effects of ambient air temperature, humidity, and wind speed on seminal traits in Braford and Nellore bulls at the Brazilian Pantanal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioclimatic thermal stress assessed by Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) on Braford and Nellore bulls sperm quality during the reproductive seasons at the tropical region in the Brazilian Pantanal. We used 20 bulls aged approximately 24 months at the beginning of the study. Five ejaculates per animal were collected using an electroejaculator. Temperature, air humidity, and wind speed data were collected every hour from the automatic weather station at the National Institute of Meteorology. Infrared thermography images data were collected to assess the testicular temperature gradient in each animal. Data were analyzed with ANOVA using MIXED procedure of SAS and means were compared using Tukey's HSD test. The THI and ETI at 12 days (epididymal transit) were higher in January (89.7 and 28.5, respectively) and February (90.0 and 29.0, respectively) compared to other months (P < 0.01). Total seminal defects differ only in Bradford bulls between the months of November and February. Nellore bulls had lower major defects (MaD) and total defects (TD) compared to Braford. Nellore bulls showed correlation between minor defects (MiD) and THI for 30 days (0.90) and 18 days (0.88; P < 0.05). Braford bulls showed correlation for MaD (0.89) in ETI for 12 days (P < 0.05). Infrared thermography showed no difference between animals. Reproductive response to environmental changes is a consequence of Nellore and Braford adaptation to climate stress conditions. Both THI and ETI environmental indexes can be used to evaluate the morphological changes in the seminal parameters in Nellore or Braford bulls; however, more experiments should be performed focusing on larger sample numbers and also in reproductive assessment during the consecutive years to assess fertility potential.

Dynamics of Cattle Production in Brazil.

Movement of livestock production within a country or region has implications for genetics, adaptation, well-being, nutrition, and production logistics, particularly in continental-sized countries, such as Brazil. Cattle production in Brazil from 1977 to 2011 was spatialized, and the annual midpoint of production was calculated. Changes in the relative production and acceleration of production were calculated and spatialized using ARCGIS®. Cluster and canonical discriminant analyses were performed to further highlight differences between regions in terms of cattle production. The mean production point has moved from the Center of Minas Gerais State (in the southeast region) to the North of Goiás State (in the Midwest region). This reflects changes in environmental factors, such as pasture type, temperature and humidity. Acceleration in production in the northern region of Brazil has remained strong over the years. More recently, "traditional" cattle-rearing regions, such as the south and southeast, showed a reduction in growth rates as well as a reduction in herd size or internal migration over the period studied. These maps showed that this movement tends to be gradual, with few regions showing high acceleration or deceleration rates.

The uses of infrared thermography to evaluate the effects of climatic variables in bull's reproduction.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effects of the environment on sperm quality in subtropical region determined by temperature and humidity index (THI). We used 20 Brangus bulls (5/8 Angus × 3/8 Nellore) aged approximately 24 months at the beginning of the study. Semen evaluations were performed twice per season during 1 year. Climate THI data were collected from an automatic weather station from the National Institute of Meteorology. Infrared thermography images were used to determine the temperature of the proximal and distal poles of the testis to assess the testicular temperature gradient (TG). The seasonal effects on seminal and climatic variables were analyzed with ANOVA using MIXED procedure of SAS. Sperm motility in spring (60.1%), summer (57.6%), and autumn (64.5%) showed difference compared to winter (73.0%; P < 0.01). TG was negatively correlated with THI at 18 days (spermiogenesis) (-0.76; P < 0.05) and at 12 days (epididymal transit) (-0.85; P < 0.01). Ocular temperature (OcT) had a positive correlation with THI at 18 days (0.78; P < 0.05) and at 12 days (0.84; P < 0.01). Motility showed a negative correlation with THI only at 18 days (-0.79; P < 0.05). During spermiogenesis, the TG had higher negative correlation compared to OcT (-0.97; P < 0.01) and rectal temperature (-0.72; P < 0.05). Spermatozoa with distal midpiece reflex were correlated with THI during transit epididymis (0.72; P < 0.05). Seminal parameters are not affected when THI reaches 93.0 (spermiogenesis) and 88.0 (epididymal transit). We concluded that infrared thermography can be adopted as an indirect method in order to assess the effect of environmental changes in TG and OcT of Brangus bulls.

Competitiveness levels in cattle herd farms / Competitividade em propriedades com criação de bovinos

The aim of this experiment was to identify improvement demands for farms with different levels of competitiveness in the west of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. A total of 63 owners of large farms were interviewed (farms with an area greater than 900ha) by applying a semi-structured questionnaire, guided by four drivers: technology (TEC), management (MAN), market relations (MR) and the institutional environment (IE).It was used the Statistical Analysis System 9.2 software to perform the cluster analysis and identify farmers' characteristics. Three random clusters with different levels of competitiveness were observed: low competitiveness level (LCL), middle competitiveness level (MCL) and high competitiveness level (HCL). The 29 variables (sub factors) were evaluated in the cluster analysis according to level of impact on competitiveness, being classified into variables of high, medium or low impact. Stratification was carried out, ranking demands for improvements from aspects attributed by experts in relation to sub factors. The farmers with low competitiveness level (LTL) had an unfavorable status for MAN, while the farmers belonging to clusters MCL and HCL have, respectively, favorable and neutral status for the same driver. The management characteristics determined the level of competitiveness of the farms surveyed.

O objetivo deste experimento é a identificação das demandas de melhorias para fazendas com diferentes níveis de competitividade no Oeste do RS. Entrevistaram-se 63 produtores grandes (área= +900 ha) por meio de um questionário semi-estruturado, dividido em quatro direcionadores: tecnologia (TEC), gestão (MAN), relações de mercado (MR) e ambiente institucional (IE). Utilizou-se o software SAS 2002, versão 9.0, para realização da análise de cluster, realizando a tipologia dos produtores. Nesta análise, formaram-se aleatoriamente três clusters, sendo denominados de baixo nível de competitividade (LCL), médio nível de competitividade (MCL) e alto nível de competitividade (HCL). Dividiram-se as 29 variáveis (subfatores) avaliadas na análise de cluster de acordo com nível de impacto na competitividade das fazendas de bovinos de corte, sendo classificadas em variáveis de alto, médio ou baixo impacto. Esta estratificação do ranking de demanda de melhorias foi realizada a partir dos pesos atribuídos pelos especialistas aos subfatores. Os pecuaristas com baixo nível de competitividade apresentaram status desfavorável para MAN, enquanto os pecuaristas pertencentes aos clusters MCL e HCL apresentaram, respectivamente, status neutro e favorável para o mesmo direcionador. Portanto, a gestão é determinante para definir o nível de competitividade das fazendas entrevistadas.

Scrotal infrared digital thermography as a predictor of seasonal effects on sperm traits in Braford bulls.

The aim of this study was to assess the seasonal effects of the environment on semen quality in bulls, using infrared thermography. Sperm motility (M), mass motion (MM), and vigor (VIG) were evaluated in sperm samples from 17 Bradford bulls aged approximately 24 months at the beginning of the study. Infrared thermography images and data were collected using an infrared FLIR T 300 camera and Quick Report 1.2 SP2 software to determine the temperature of the proximal and distal poles of the testis and to assess the testicular temperature gradient. The seasonal effects on physiological, seminal, and climatic variables were analyzed by the GLM ANOVA and CORR procedures using SAS®. The microclimatic factors were recorded in hourly intervals, and the daily mean temperature and mean relative humidity were calculated to determine the daily temperature-humidity index (THI) every day for 1 year. The temperature gradient (TG) variations of the testes were significantly higher in the autumn (4.5 °C), winter (4.0 °C), and spring (2.9 °C) compared to summer (0.9 °C) (P < 0.05). Ocular globe temperatures were lower in the winter (27.6 °C) and autumn (26.8 °C) compared to summer (33.9 °C) and spring (31.1 °C) (P < 0.05). The average MM (2.58), M (52.64), and VIG (2.70) of the semen decreased in the summer compared to other seasons (P < 0.01). The TG was negatively correlated with THI (-0.44; P < 0.05). For the seminal variables, MaD (-0.45; P < 0.05) and TD (-0.50; P < 0.01) presented a negative correlation with TG. The TG had a positive correlation between M and VIG, which had values of 0.36 and 0.35, respectively (P < 0.05). We have concluded that infrared thermography can be used to assess the testicular temperature gradient and its consequences on physical and quantitative aspects of sperm.

Higher feeding diets effects on age and liveweight gain at puberty in crossbred Nelore × Hereford heifers.

This study was conducted to determine the age and liveweight at puberty of 120 crossbred beef heifers submitted to four diets to achieve predetermined weight gains (kg/day): 0.5 (G500; n = 32), 0.75 (G750; n = 32), 1.0 (G1000; n = 29), and 1.25 (G1250; n = 27). Animals were classified depending on their level of crossing between Nelore (N) and Hereford (H): 25%N-75%H, 37.5%N-63.5%H, 43.7%N-56.7%H, 50%N-50%H, and 75%N-25%H. Reproductive evaluation was performed at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period by ultrasonography and hormone analysis. The average age and liveweight at puberty were 388.0 ± 1.9 days and 331.4 ± 1.3 kg, respectively. Animals from the 25%N-75%H group reached puberty earlier than heifers from other genetic groups supplemented with G1250 diet (P < 0.05). Heifers with higher degree of Nelore (75%N-25%H) fed with G1000 diet showed estrus 42 days prior to mating, but only 57% reached puberty at mating (P < 0.05). Heifers with follicles of higher diameter reached puberty (P < 0.05) earlier. Higher average daily weight gain showed a positive effect on follicular diameter and IGF-I level at puberty (P < 0.01). Concentrations of GH were lower in heifers fed G1250 compared to G1000 diet (P < 0.05). There was a significant interaction between nutritional level and insulin levels at puberty (P < 0.01). We demonstrated the relationship between IGF-I and average daily gain on the onset of puberty in heifers. In conclusion, heifers submitted to the higher feeding level showed a higher follicular diameter and were younger at puberty.

Comparison of two commercial kits and two extraction methods for fecal glucocorticoid analysis in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) submitted to ACTH challenge / Comparação do desempenho de dois conjuntos comerciais e de dois métodos de extração para a análise de glicocorticóides fecais em jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) submetidas ao desafio com ACTH

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is included in list of wild felid species protected by CITES and is part of conservation strategies that necessarily involve the use of assisted reproduction techniques, which requires practical and minimally invasive techniques of high reproducibility that permit the study of animal reproductive physiology. The objective of this study was to compare and validate two commercial assays: ImmuChem Double Antibody Corticosterone 125I RIA from ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA, USA; and Coat-a-Count Cortisol 125I RIA from DPC, Los Angeles, CA, USA, for assessment of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in ocelots submitted to ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) challenge. Fecal samples were collected from five ocelots kept at the Brazilian Center of Neotropical Felines, Associação Mata Ciliar, São Paulo, Brazil, and one of the animals was chosen as a negative control. The experiment was conducted over a period of 9 days. On day 0, a total dose of 100 IU ACTH was administered intramuscularly. Immediately after collection the samples were stored at 20C in labeled plastic bags. The hormone metabolites were subsequently extracted and assayed using the two commercial kits. Previously it was performed a trial with the DPC kit to check the best extraction method for hormones metabolites. Data were analyzed with the SAS program for Windows V8 and reported as means ± SEM. The Schwarzenberger extraction method was slightly better when compared with the Wasser extraction method (103,334.56 ± 19,010.37ng/g of wet feces and 59,223.61 ± 12,725.36ng/g of wet feces respectively; P=0,0657). The ICN kit detected an increase in glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in a more reliable manner. Metabolite concentrations (ng/g wet feces) on day 0 and day 1 were 66,956.28 ± 36,786.93 and 92,991.19 ± 28,555.63 for the DPC kit, and 205,483.32 ± 83,811.32 and 814,578.75 ± 292,150.47 for the ICN kit, respectively. The limit of detection for...

A jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) é uma das espécies de felídeos selvagens listadas no CITES e integrantes de planos de conservação que necessariamente envolvem o emprego de técnicas de reprodução assistida. Para isso, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de técnicas práticas, de alta repetibilidade e pouco invasivas, que permitam o estudo da fisiologia reprodutiva animal. Objetivou-se neste experimento comparar e validar os ensaios realizados com os conjuntos comerciais ImmuChem Double Antibody Corticosterone 125I RIE da ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA, USA e Coat-a-count Cortisol 125I RIE da DPC, Los Angeles, CA, USA, na mensuração dos metabólitos de glicocorticóides das fezes de jaguatiricas por meio do desafio com ACTH. Para este estudo foram utilizadas amostras fecais de cinco indivíduos que se encontravam no Centro Brasileiro de Felinos Neotropicais, Associação Mata Ciliar, Pedreira, SP, Brasil, sendo que um destes animais foi escolhido como controle negativo. O experimento foi conduzido em um período de nove dias. No dia 0 foi administrada uma dose total de 100 UI IM de ACTH (hormônio adrenocorticotrópico). Imediatamente após a colheita, as amostras de fezes foram conservadas a -20ºC em sacos plásticos identificados e posteriormente os metabólitos hormonais foram extraídos e mensurados utilizando-se os dois conjuntos comerciais. Previamente foi realizado com o conjunto comercial da DPC um teste para comparar dois métodos de extração. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa The SAS System for Windows V8. A média ± erro padrão dos valores obtidos pela técnica de Schwarzenberger foi levemente superior à média dos valores obtidos pela técnica de Wasser (103.334,56 ± 19.010,37ng/g de fezes úmidas e 59.223,61 ± 12.725,36ng/g de fezes úmidas, respectivamente; P=0.0657). O conjunto comercial da ICN detectou com maior clareza o aumento das concentrações dos metabólitos de glicocorticóides. Os valores do dia 0 e do dia 1 para os conjuntos...

Comparação de método para análise de metabólitos fecais de glicocorticóides em jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) submetidas a tratamento hormonal e vídeo-laparoscopia / Comparison of methods fecal glucocorticoids metabolite analyses in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) submited to hormonal treatment and video-laparoscopy

Dois metódos de extração de metabólitos fecais 32,33 e dois conjuntos comerciais (“ImmuChem Doubly Antibody Corticosterone 125I RIA”-ICN Biomedicals e “Coat-a-count Cortisol 125I RIE” - DPC) foram utilizados na mensuração dos metabólitos de glicocorticóides (cortisole corticosterona) em amostras de fezes de jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) (n=3), antes e após tratamento hormonal e procedimentos de vídeo-laparoscopia. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar e validar fisiologicamente os diferentes protocolos de extração e diferentes conjuntos comerciais na mensuração hormonal. Não houve diferença significativa com relação ao método de extração dos metabólitos. O conjunto comercial ICN Biomedicals provou ser melhor na detecção de metabólitos fecais de glicocorticóides em jaguatiricas.

The objective of this study was to compare two different fecal metabolites extraction protocols 32,33 and two commercial kits used to analyse fecal glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) submitted to hormonal treatment and video-laparoscopy procedure. Based on hormonal analyses, both extraction protocols exhibited similar performance. One commercial kit (ICN Biomedicals) had better results than another (DPC) on glucocorticoids metabolites evaluation.

Ovarian response to repeated administration of alternating exogenous gonadotropin regimens in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and tigrinus (Leopardus tigrinus).

Exogenous gonadotropins are used to stimulate ovarian follicular growth and ovulation in mammalian species, including wild cats. However, successes in application of assisted reproduction techniques in nondomestic felids have been sparse. Our objectives were to assess the effectiveness of alternating gonadotropin regimens on ovarian responses. Five adult female ocelots and four adult female tigrinus were treated four to six times, using alternating eCG/hCG and pFSH/pLH at 4-month intervals. Laparoscopies were done to assess follicular development and to collect oocytes from matures follicles. The average number of follicles and corpus luteum (CL) per stimulation was higher in ocelots (7.0 +/- 0.8; mean +/- S.E.M.) than in tigrinus (2.5 +/- 0.4; P < 0.05), but the percentage of mature oocytes did not differ between the two species (mean range, 54-55%). Within species, both gonadotropin regimens were equally effective in inducing follicular growth and oocyte maturation. The total number of ovarian structures and oocyte maturation percentages did not decrease in either species with sequential stimulations. In summary, female ocelots and tigrinus continued to respond to repeated alternating ovarian stimulation protocols. In conclusion, the use of alternating gonadotropin regimens may permit more intensive reproductive management in these endangered cats.

Determinação do sexo de psitacídeos por radioimunoensaio (RIE) de esteróides sexuais a partir de excretas cloacais / Psittacine sex determination by radioimunoassay (RIA) of sex steroids using fecal samples

Para o presente estudo utilizaram-se amostras de excretas cloacais de 50 aves da família Psittacidae, previamente sexadas. Os andrógenos e estrógenos fecais foram extraídos com Tampão Fosfato Salino (PBS) e com uma solução PBS:Álcool Etilico (4:1) e a mensuração hormonal foi realizada em "kits" comerciais para radioimunoensaio no Laboratório de Dosagens Hormonais (LDH) do Departamento de Reprodução Animal (VRA) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). O sexo de cada ave foi confirmado utilizando como parâmetro o intervalo de confiança (95%) da média dos valores transformados dos índices do fator testosterona e seus metabólitos. Setenta por cento das aves tiveram o sexo confirmado pela técnica do radioimunoensaio. Os resultados encontrados demonstram a necessidade da realização de mais estudos para a determinação do sexo de aves monomórficas por meio de técnicas não invasivas.

For the current study, it were used fecal samples from 50 psittacines, previously sexed by PCR from blood cells. The fecal androgens and estrogens metabolites were extracted with PBS (Phosfate Buffer Saline) or PBS:Ethil Alchool (4:1) and measured by comercial radioimunoassay kits at the "Laboratório de Dosagens Hormonais" of the "Departamento de Reprodução Animal" of the "Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia" of the "Universidade de São Paulo". The sex determination of the birds were performed using the confidence interval (95%) for transformed androgens values. 70% of birds had the sex confirmed by radioimunoassay. The results showed that further studies for sex determination on monomorphic birds by non-invasive techniques are necessary.