Comparative study of the physiological and health quality of traditional and biofortified cowpea seeds.

Cowpea is one of the main crops in family agriculture, especially in the Northeastern region of Brazil, and it is expanding to other regions in Brazil. The use of seeds with low physiological and health quality is reflected in the plant development and consequently yield, making it important to study the seed physiological and health quality. The objective of the present study was to assess the physiology and health of traditional and biofortified cowpea seeds. The traditional cowpea varieties (Angelim, Mercado and Manteguinha) and the biofortified cowpea cultivars (BRS Aracê, BRS Xique-Xique and BRS Tumucumaque) were assessed for the following physiological parameters: water content (WC), first count (FC), germination test (G), germination speed index (GSI), seedling emergence in the greenhouse (E), emergence speed index (ESI), seedling aerial part and root length (APL and RL) and electric conductivity test (EC). The seed health quality was assessed by the Blotter Test. The water content present in the seeds of the traditional and biofortified varieties ranged from 10% to 14%. All the traditional and biofortified varieties showed high germination and emergence value in the greenhouse. The germination and emergence speed indexes indicated the BRS Aracê and BRS Xique-Xique cultivars as the most vigorous. In the health tests the highest indexes were the storage fungi Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp., with the highest prevalence in the BRS Tumucumaque variety, which was probably related to the higher water content present in this variety.

Maturation system affects lipid accumulation in bovine oocytes.

This study evaluated the effects of three maturation systems, namely invitro (MatV) and invivo (MatS) systems, as well as intrafollicular transfer of immature oocytes (IFIOT; MatT), on the accumulation of lipid droplets in bovine oocytes. Lipids were evaluated using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, namely acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 2 (ACSS2), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 1 (ELOVL1) and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mean (±s.d.) area occupied by lipids in immature oocytes (13±2%) was similar to those matured invivo (MatS, 16±2%; MatT, 12±2%). However, there was a significant increase in lipids in oocytes in the MatV group (24±2%) compared with all other groups (P<0.001). In the ultrastructural evaluations, MatV oocytes also showed the highest lipid content. The expression of ELOVL1 and FABP3 was similar in the MatS and IFIOT groups. However, transcript levels of ACSS2 were lower in IFIOT than MatV oocytes. These results indicate, for the first time, that oocytes matured by IFIOT are similar to those matured invivo with regard to lipid accumulation, which indicates better quality than those matured invitro.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the free and inhibitor-bound cruzain systems in aqueous solvent: insights on the inhibition mechanism in acidic pH.

The major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, cruzain (CRZ), has been described as a therapeutic target for Chagas' disease, which affects millions of people worldwide. Thus, a series of CRZ inhibitors has been studied, including a new competitive inhibitor, Nequimed176 (NEQ176). Nevertheless, the structural and dynamic basis for CRZ inhibition remains unclear. Hoping to contribute to this ever-growing understanding of timescale dynamics in the CRZ inhibition mechanism, we have performed the first study using 100 ns of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of two CRZ systems in an aqueous solvent under pH 5.5: CRZ in the apo form (ligand free) and CRZ complexed to NEQ176. According to the MD simulations, the enzyme adopts an open conformation in the apo form and a closed conformation in the NEQ176-CRZ complex. We also suggest that this closed conformation is related to the hydrogen-bonding interactions between NEQ176 and CRZ, which occurs through key residues, mainly Gly66, Met68, Asn69, and Leu160. In addition, the cross-correlation analysis shows evidence of the correlated motions among Ala110-Asp140, Leu160-Gly189, and Glu190-Gly215 subdomains, as well as, the movements related to Ala1-Thr59 and Asp60-Pro90 regions seem to be crucial for CRZ activity.

Antiplatelet activity and structure-activity relationship study of Pyrazolopyridine Derivatives as potential series for treating thrombotic diseases.

AIM: Platelets plays a central role in hemostatic processes and consequently are similarly involved in pathological processes, such as arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Herein we described the synthesis, antiplatelet profile and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a new series of N'-substitutedphenylmethylene-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-carbohydrazide derivatives (3a-3k). METHODS: These compounds were synthesized in good yield and tested in platelet aggregation assays using collagen, ADP and arachidonic acid as agonists. We also performed a SAR studies using SPARTAN' 08 program, in silico ADMET screening and the Lipinski " rule of five " using Osiris Property Explorer and molinspiration on-line programs. RESULTS: Interestingly, the new compounds were active against collagen and arachidonic acid (AA) with the two most actives compounds (3a and 3c - IC(50)=61 microM and 68 microM respectively) almost 5-fold more potent than aspirin (IC(50)=300 microM). These derivatives showed low theoretical toxicity risks in in silico ADMET screening and fulfilled the Lipinski rule of five, suggesting good oral biodisponibility. CONCLUSION: This work showed carbohydrazide group as potential for designing new antiplatelets. On that purpose, 3a and 3c may act as prototypes to generate more efficient and safe molecules for treating thrombotic diseases.

Synthesis and biological activity of new potential antimalarial: 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives.

The appearance of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria necessitates the search for novel antimalarial agents. Using the classical ring-bioisosterism concept as a strategy to develop new potential drugs, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 4-aminomethanol compounds were designed and synthesized as isosteres of the classical quinoline antimalarial mefloquine. The hydrochloride form of these compounds were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (Sierra Leone D-6) and resistant (Indochina W-2) clones of P. falciparum. The results described herein indicated that 1-H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine system represents a bioisosteric framework to quinoline system in the antimalarial activity.

Synthesis and analgesic properties of new 4-arylhydrazone 1-H pyrazole [3,4-b] pyridine derivatives.

Based on the principle of bioisosterism, a successful strategy in the planning of new drugs, we describe in this work the synthesis and the analgesic activity of the new functionalized arylcarbaldehyde 4-(1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine) hydrazone derivatives 5a-m. These derivatives (5a-m) were synthesized in ca. 45% overall yield, using 4-(1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl) hydrazine 6, as key intermediate. by applying classical synthetic methods to construct the aryl-hydrazone unit at C-4 of the heterocyclic system. Compound 6 was prepared from the corresponding 4-chloro-(N-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine) derivative 7 in very high yield. The antinociceptive activity of these new compounds 5a was evaluated by a test of abdominal contortions induced by 0.6% acetic acid solution i.p. in albino mice. The compounds 5f, 5g, 5j and 5k were strongly active showing a good analgesic profile.

Synthesis and analgesic properties of 5-acyl-arylhydrazone 1-H pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyridine derivatives.

A series of 5-acyl-arylhydrazone 1-H pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyridine derivatives (1), planned by applying classical ring isosterism, were synthesized in order to evaluate the structure-activity relationship (SAR), especially the participation of the structural acyl-arylhydrazone subunit in the analgesia. The synthetic route used produced the derivatives 1 in approximately 40% overall yield, using 9 as key intermediate. The results obtained from this study showed that in general the compounds of this series present a powerful analgesic activity in the test of abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid i.p. in albino mice, indicating the participation of the acyl-arylhydrazone moiety, as well the relevance of the substituent of the aryl ring, in the activity.