Un cas d'oligodontie, associé à une ectopie bilatérale des dents en position sous-condylienne, découverte sur l'orthopantomogramme : rapport de cas

Introduction. Nous décrivons un cas d'agénésies dentaire multiples associées à une ectopie bilatérale des troisièmes molaires ainsi de la deuxième prémolaire mandibulaire gauche. Cas clinique: Une patiente de 30ans était référée par son médecin gastroentérologue pour une prise en charge odontologique. La patiente décrit de ne jamais avoir bénéficié d'avulsion dentaire et ne souffrait d'aucun douleur ou gène au niveau orofacial. Une exploration clinique suivie d'examens radiologiques était réalisé. L'examen clinique révèle l'absence de plusieurs dents. La radiographie panoramique avait permis de confirmer le diagnostic d'agénésies multiples de huit dents. Les deux troisièmes molaires mandibulaires incluses en position verticale au niveau de la branche mandibulaire. La 35 aussi incluse en position apicale de la 38. L'examen CBCT montre une déhiscence des corticales des faces interne et externe du ramus en regarde des couronnes des troisièmes molaires. Discussion. L'oligodontie associée à une inclusion dentaire multiple reste un cas rare. Les éléments de l'examen clinique associés à la radiographie panoramique permettent de confirmer le diagnostic d'agénésie et d'ectopie dentaires. La radiologie tri dimensionnelle est capitale dans la prise de décision thérapeutique des dents ectopiques en position condy lienne.Conclusion. Sans symptomatologie clinique et radiologique, la décision thérapeutique était de s'abstenir de traitement chirurgical et de surveiller

Dermohypodermite bacterienne non necrosante a localisation multiple : a propos de trois observations

Introduction : La dermohypodermite bacterienne non necrosante constitue le premier motif d'hospitalisation en dermatologie a Dakar. L'atteinte preferentielle est jambiere unilaterale. Nous rapportons 3 cas rares d'erysipeles a localisation multiple. Observations : Il s'agit de 3 femmes; recues pour des placards inflammatoires febriles a localisation multiple. L'age moyen etait de 49 ans .Une etait obese; pratiquait la depigmentation artificielle depuis plus de 20 ans et avait deja presente 3 episodes similaires aux jambes. L'examen mettait en evidence une dermohypodermite bacterienne non necrosante (DHBNN) aux deux jambes avec des intertrigos interorteils . Une autre; obese; hypertendue; sous anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens pour arthrose depuis 4 ans avait une DHBNN a la jambe gauche et aux deux mains avec un intertrigo interorteil. Et un autre cas etait sous isotretinoine pour acne pendant 2 mois et avait une DHBNN aux jambes et a l'avant-bras gauche avec une xerose accentuee. La bacteriologie et la serologie HIV etaient negatives dans tous les cas; et la glycemie normale. Tous les cas avaient bien evolue sous ceftriaxone associee soit a la gentamicine ou au metronidazole. Discussion : La particularite de nos cas avait ete; la localisation multiple des lesions; l'absence d'immunodepression classique telle que le diabete ou l'infection a VIH. Toutefois; l'obesite; la depigmentation artificielle; la prise d'anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens pourraient constituer les facteurs favorisants dans les deux cas. Et chez une patiente; la xerose cutanee induite par l'isotretinoine serait le facteur favorisant

Multiplex 16S rRNA haplotype-specific PCR, a rapid and convenient method for fish species identification: an application to West African Clupeiform larvae.

A multiplex haplotype-specific polymerase chain reaction (MHS-PCR) method was developed, which identified seven Clupeiform species living in the tropical Eastern Atlantic region: Sardinella aurita, Sardinella maderensis, Ethmalosa fimbriata, Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicholus, Pellonula leonensis and Ilisha africana. 16S rRNA fragments were amplified using a species-specific set of primers, yielding species-specific size fragments, and then separated using agarose gel electrophoresis, enabling direct visual identification of targeted species. This method provides an accurate, easy and rapid tool for identifying species within large Clupeiform samples. It is suitable for investigations on early Clupeiform stages, species and identification in fishery management in the tropical Eastern Atlantic area.

DC-SIGN (CD209), pentraxin 3 and vitamin D receptor gene variants associate with pulmonary tuberculosis risk in West Africans.

We investigated the role of DC-SIGN (CD209), long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in 321 TB cases and 347 healthy controls from Guinea-Bissau. Five additional, functionally relevant SNPs within toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 9 were typed but found, when polymorphic, not to affect host vulnerability to pulmonary TB. We did not replicate an association between SNPs in the DC-SIGN promoter and TB. However, we found that two polymorphisms, one in DC-SIGN and one in VDR, were associated in a nonadditive model with disease risk when analyzed in combination with ethnicity (P=0.03 for DC-SIGN and P=0.003 for VDR). In addition, PTX3 haplotype frequencies significantly differed in cases compared to controls and a protective effect was found in association with a specific haplotype (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.98). Our findings support previous data showing that VDR SNPs modulate the risk for TB in West Africans and suggest that variation within DC-SIGN and PTX3 also affect the disease outcome.

[A comparison of 2 capture methods for sampling the population of Anopheles funestus Giles in a Sudanese savannah village (Dielmo, Senegal)]. / Comparaison de deux méthodes de capture pour l'échantillonnage des populations d'Anopheles funestus Giles dans un village de savane soudanienne (Dielmo, Sénégal).

We conducted a comparative study of two collection methods for sampling An. funestus populations--human bait catch and indoor pyrethrum spray--in the Sudanese savannah area of Senegal from April 1996 to March 1997. An. funestus females were captured every month during the study period. The resting density per dwelling was 1.9 times higher than those obtained with human landing catch. The population dynamics were similar with two peaks situated respectively at the beginning of the rainy season between May-July and during the dry season January-March. A significant correlation of population densities between collection methods was detected.

[Evaluation of the height of the apical delta of maxillary anterior teeth. Surgical significance]. / Evaluation de la hauteur du delta apical des dents antérieures maxillaires. Intérêt chirurgical.

It's a study dealing with the apical delta position in the management of peri-apical lesions. The study was carried out from the observation of root canal systems of 150 teeth mainly central, lateral incisors and canines. The study has been bounded by the conservative dentistry and oral surgery departments of the UCAD Dental Institute. It lasted from February to November 2001. We noted that the maximal height of the apical deltas comparison to the apices is 1.6 mm. So, the height of 3 mm section proposed by MEYER during the apicectomies is enough to eliminate the major part of the accessory canals.

[Feeding behaviour of Anopheles funestus resting females in Senegal]. / Préférences trophiques des femelles endophiles d'Anopheles funestus au Sénégal.

The feeding behaviour of An. funestus resting females was studied in eleven sites in Senegal along a west-east transect in two biogeographical zones (the Sudanese and Sudanese-Guinean zones) by an ELISA technique. Mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. For the 1563 blood meals tested, the main hosts were humans, cows, sheep and horses representing respective proportions of 85%, 9.9%, 1.3% and 3.8%. No blood meal was taken on chicken. The percentage of non-reacting blood meals was 2.6%. A heterogenity of feeding behaviour was observed in the sample locations. The anthropophilic rates were higher in the northern Sudanese zone as versus the southern Sudanese and Sudano-Guinean zones.

Persistence of Anopheles arabiensis during the severe dry season conditions in Senegal: an indirect approach using microsatellite loci.

Variation at nine microsatellite loci was investigated to understand how Anopheles arabiensis populations survive the dry season in the sahelian region of Senegal. Low estimates of genetic differentiation (F(ST) = 0.012, R(ST) = 0.009) between two populations, 250 km apart, suggested extensive gene flow across this distance. Despite extreme seasonal fluctuation in abundance with dry season minima in which mosquitoes virtually disappeared, allele frequencies remained stable over time in the village of Barkedji from August 1994 to December 1997 (including four rainy seasons and three dry seasons). The effective population size (Ne) was estimated to be 601 with 95% CI (281, 1592), providing strong evidence against annual bottlenecks. Differences in measures of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium between the dry and the rainy seasons were not detected. These results suggest that despite extreme minima in local density, An. arabiensis maintains large permanent deme spread out over large area.

Releasing the development potential of return migration: the case of Senegal.

PIP: This article discusses return migration and evaluates the government's role in developing the potential of return migrants in Senegal. The three sections give a profile of return migrants, Senegal's pertinent official policies, and recommendations for action to improve reintegration into the local context. Although capital and goods flow freely in the global marketplace, globally, the flows of workers are constrained by restrictive immigration policies of host countries. Senegal and France have agreed to cooperate by containing migration flows and promoting migrants as agents of development, who can bring needed skills back to the countries of origin. Senegal has out-migration of about 50% of the poorest households. Receiving countries are scattered throughout the world. France receives about 105,000 and Cote d'Ivoire receives about 150,000. Migrants may be registered or unregistered. Migrants maintain close ties in their homeland and send remittances. Since 1980, France has provided specific training in Senegal and France for migrants willing voluntarily to return to Senegal. The aim is to involve migrants in national development. The Organization for Scientific and Technical Research is studying the impact of "brain drain" and seeks to enable native countries to reap rewards from their nationals without seeking repatriation.^ieng

Similar feeding preferences of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis in Senegal.

This study in Senegal compared the feeding preferences of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis while controlling for equal accessibility to hosts located outdoors under bed net traps. All fed A. gambiae complex females were identified with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction and their blood meal sources were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 605 anophelines, including 281 A. gambiae and 301 A. arabiensis, were captured, 32.2% in the human-baited traps and 67.8% in bovine-baited traps. 30.3% of A. gambiae fed in the former and 69.7% fed in the latter; the corresponding figures for A. arabiensis were 29.6% and 70.4%. Thus, when the hosts were located outdoors and made equally available, the feeding preferences of A. gambiae and A. arabiensis were similar (P = 0.81). These results suggest that biases existed in previous studies, most of which suggested that A. arabiensis was more zoophilic than A. gambiae. Alternatively, the feeding behaviour of these 2 species may differ in various parts of Africa.

Comparison of behavior and vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis (Diptera:Culicidae) in Barkedji, a Sahelian area of Senegal.

The ecology, population dynamics, and malaria vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis were studied for 2 yr in a Sahelian village of Senegal. Anophelines were captured at human bait and resting indoors by pyrethrum spray. Mosquitoes belonging to the An. gambiae complex were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Of 26,973 females, An. arabiensis represented 79% of the mosquitoes captured and remained in the study area longer than An. gambiae after the rains terminated. There were no differences in nocturnal biting cycles or endophagous rates between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. Based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test of bloodmeals, the anthropophilic rate of these 2 vectors were both approximately 60%, when comparisons were made during the same period. Overall, 18% of the resting females had patent mixed bloodmeals, mainly human-bovine. The parity rates of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis varied temporally. Despite similar behavior, the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) rates were different between An. gambiae (4.1%) and An. arabiensis (1.3%). P. malariae and P. ovale only represented 4% of the total Plasmodium identified in mosquitoes. Transmission was seasonal, occurring mainly during 4 mo. The CSP entomological inoculation rates were 128 bites per human per year for the 1st yr and 100 for the 2nd yr. Because of the combination of a high human biting rate and a low CSP rate, An. arabiensis accounted for 63% of transmission. Possible origin of differences in CSP rate between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis is discussed in relation to the parity rate, blood feeding frequency, and the hypothesis of genetic factors.

High annual and seasonal variations in malaria transmission by anophelines and vector species composition in Dielmo, a holoendemic area in Senegal.

We conducted a three-year entomologic study in Dielmo, a village of 250 inhabitants in a holoendemic area for malaria in Senegal. Anophelines were captured on human bait and by pyrethrum spray collections. The mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction. Malaria vectors captured were An. funestus, An. arabiensis, and An. gambiae. Anopheles funestus was the most abundant mosquito captured the first year, An. arabiensis in the following years. The annual entomologic inoculation rates calculated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were 238, 89, and 150 for the first, second, and third years, respectively. Each year there was a peak of transmission at the end of the rainy season, but transmission occurred year round. The heterogeneity of transmission was found at four different levels: 1) the relative vector proportion according to the place and method of capture, 2) the human biting rate and relative proportion of vectors by month and year, 3) the infection rate of each vector by year, and 4) the number of infected bites for all vectors, and for each species, for the year. Our data show that even in areas of intense and perennial transmission, there exist large longitudinal variations and strong heterogeneity in entomologic parameters of malaria transmission. It is important to take these into account for the study of the variations in clinical and biological parameters of human malaria, and to evaluate this relationship, a very thorough investigation of transmission is necessary.

[Identification of HLA-DR alleles for susceptibility to rheumatoid polyarthritis in Senegal]. / Identification des allèles HLA-DR de susceptibilité a la polyarthrite rhumatoïde au Sénégal.

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most frequent inflammatory rheumatism disease. Several studies were aimed to understand its physiopathogenesis in particular the association between some HLA-DR alleles and rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective study was carried out in 34 patients suffering from RA (30 Women and 4 men). The diagnosis was clinically and radiologically made. The control group included 220 persons of which the HLA-DR distribution was known. The HLA-DRB1 alleles were typed by PCR-SSP (Sequence Specific Primers). The most frequent HLA-DR alleles found in patients group were: DR10 (85.3%), DR52 (53%), DR14 (38.2%), DR11 (26.5%), and DR13 (20.3%). A significant difference was observed between RA patients and control group for the following alleles: DR3, DR10, DR18, and DR52 (p < 0.001; Chi square with Yates' correction). HLA-DR3 and DR10 were positively associated with RA. The relative risk was up 30 for DR10.

Four years' entomological study of the transmission of seasonal malaria in Senegal and the bionomics of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis.

From 1993 to 1996, an entomological survey was conducted in the village of Ndiop, Senegal, as part of a research programme on malaria epidemiology and the mechanisms of protective immunity. Mosquitoes were captured on human bait and by indoor spraying. Species from the Anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction, and Plasmodium falciparum infections were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circumsporozoite protein. The vector species identified were A. gambiae (33.9%), A. arabiensis (63.2%), A. melas (0.3%) and A. funestus (2.5%). Similar proportions of A. gambiae (74.2%) and A. arabiensis (73.8%) contained human blood; 27.0% of A. gambiae and 28.3% of A. arabiensis had fed on cattle. The sporozoite rates were similar for A. gambiae (3.2%) and A. arabiensis (3.7%). The annual entomological inoculation rates varied greatly depending on the year. There were 63, 17, 37 and 7 infected bites per person per year in 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996 respectively. Transmission was highly seasonal, from July to October. A. arabiensis was responsible for 66% of malaria transmission, A. gambiae for 31%, and A. funestus for 3%.

[The utilization of molecular biological tools in the study of malaria transmission: example of programs conducted in Senegal]. / Intérêt de l'utilisation des outils de biologie moléculaire dans l'étude de la transmission du paludisme: l'exemple des programmes conduits au Sénégal.

Some informations about malaria transmission, which has until nox difficult to get, can be obtained thanks to the use of molecular biology tools, PCR mainly. In Senegal, we use that technique to solve two kinds of problems: -Identification of species of the Anopheles gambiae complex: PCR technique is useful compared to other diagnostic methods (chromosome pattern, DNA probes, etc.) because it enables quickly and simply identification of captured anopheles from the DNA contained in their legs. The rest of the mosquito is tested by circumsporozoite protein antigen ELISA and blood meal ELISA. The data obtained are used to determine distribution, cycles, trophic preferences and comparative vectorial capacities of Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles melas. -Identification in a mosquito blood meal of the individual bitten: we propose to evaluate factors (weight, age, sex, location of bedroom, etc.) which could explain why individuals are more, or less, bitten by a Plasmodium vector. Genetic typing is used on inhabitants'leukocytes DNA and on the leukocyte DNA extracted from the blood meal of resting anopheles. Through the high degree of polymorphism of three (AAAG)n microsatellites markers, we hope, using PCR, to attribute each blood meal to one individual. Statistical analysis will be used to identify attractivity factors and to determine more precisely the inoculation rates for each group rather than the classical rate calculated with male adults volunteers.