Adherence to care transitions recommendations among high-risk hospitalized older patients.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Evidence on the effectiveness of inpatient hospital geriatric consultation is scant, and it is unknown whether adherence to specific recommendations will improve care and patient outcomes. This study was conducted to provide insights from a quality improvement project that may help guide further improvements in the effectiveness of these consultations made as a component of a care transitions program (CTP). DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the implementation of a multicomponent CTP for high-risk hospitalized patients aged 75 and older. SETTING: A 400-bed community teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and two patients admitted to non-ICU beds who met high-risk criteria. INTERVENTION: Inpatient comprehensive geriatric consultation including care transition recommendations, telephone and in-person follow-up weekly for 4 weeks after discharge, and collaboration with post-acute organizations and primary care and specialist physicians to implement recommendations. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes for this analysis was 30-day hospital readmissions and adherence to transition of care recommendations. RESULTS: The 142 patients with at least one post-discharge visit received 936 care transition recommendations. Overall, 663 (71%) of the 936 care transition recommendations were adhered to (71%). The adherence rate was lower in the 22 patients who were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days (63%) compared to 72% adherence in the 120 patients who were not readmitted. This was not a statistically significant difference, and there were no significant differences in the number and percent adherence in any recommendation category between the two groups. CONCLUSION: We found adherence to just over two-thirds of care transition recommendations, similar to a small number of other studies. We did not find a relationship between the number of recommendations and adherence to them with 30-day readmissions to the hospital. Future studies of CTPs should consider several strategies may enhance geriatric consultation care transitions recommendations and adherence to them, and improve patient outcomes.

Thirty-Day Hospital Readmissions in a Care Transitions Program for High-Risk Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the causes of 30-day hospital readmissions among high-risk older adults during implementation of a multicomponent care transitions program. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from the evaluation of a multicomponent care transitions program for hospitalized high-risk older adults. SETTING: A 400-bed community teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 75 and older admitted to non-intensive care unit beds who met specific criteria for high risk of complications and hospital readmissions. The intervention group included 202 patients, of whom 37 were readmitted to the hospital as an inpatient or on observation status within 30 days of discharge. MEASUREMENTS: Root-cause analyses on each readmission were conducted by hospital physicians and post-acute care (PAC) organization staff. Additional data were collected by trained project staff using the medical record and postdischarge telephone or in-person follow-up visits. These data were reviewed and adjudicated among the authors, and each readmission was rated with unanimous agreement as "preventable," "possibly preventable," or "not preventable." RESULTS: No significant differences were found in demographic and clinical characteristics of intervention patients readmitted versus those not readmitted. A higher proportion of the 37 patients who were readmitted did not have a postdischarge visit than the 165 patients who were not readmitted (15 [41%] vs 45 [27%]; P = .11). Among the 37 readmissions, 14 (38%) were rated as not preventable, 14 (38%) as possibly preventable, and 9 (24%) as preventable. Readmissions were rated as preventable or possibly preventable for a variety of reasons that provide insight into how care transitions programs for high-risk older adults might be made more effective. CONCLUSION: Root-cause analyses of hospital readmissions among high-risk older adults by hospital physicians and PAC providers can identify strategies that might enhance the effectiveness of care transitions interventions in this complex population. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1307-1312, 2020.

Evaluation of a Multicomponent Care Transitions Program for High-Risk Hospitalized Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of a multicomponent care transition intervention targeted at hospitalized patients, aged 75 years and older, at high risk for hospital readmissions, return emergency department (ED) visits, and related complications. DESIGN: Implementation as a quality improvement program with propensity-matched preintervention and concurrent comparison groups over a 12-month period. SETTING: A 400-bed community teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients, aged 75 years and older, admitted to non-intensive care unit beds who met specific high-risk criteria. The intervention group included 202 patients, and the concurrent and preintervention comparison groups included 4142 and 4592 patients, respectively. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were 30-day hospital readmissions and returns to the ED; 7-day readmissions and ED visits were secondary measures. RESULTS: Among the 202 patients enrolled in the "Safe Transitions for At-Risk Patients" ("STAR") program, 37 (18.3%) were readmitted within 30 days, in contrast to 14.3% and 14.6% in the concurrent and preintervention comparison groups, respectively. Rates for 30-day return ED visits that did not result in hospitalization were 10.9% in the intervention group, and 7.2% and 7.9% in the comparison groups. STAR patients had greater 30-day ED use than patients in the preintervention comparison group (5.0 percentage points; 95% confidence interval = 0.8-9.3 percentage points; P = .020). Implementation challenges included suboptimal involvement of the participating hospital and post-acute care organizations and a relatively high proportion of patients who did not receive the intervention as planned, despite agreeing to participate before leaving the hospital. CONCLUSION: A multicomponent care transitions intervention targeting high-risk patients, aged 75 years and older, admitted to a community teaching hospital was not effective in reducing 30- or 7-day readmissions or return ED visits. Our implementation experience offers many lessons for future programs for similar high-risk geriatric populations. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2634-2642, 2019.

Characteristics of older adults rehospitalized within 7 and 30 days of discharge: implications for nursing practice.

Rehospitalization within 30 days consumes a significant portion of health care costs; therefore, interventions aimed at reducing the risk of rehospitalization are needed. A retrospective study was conducted examining rehospitalization rates and diagnoses according to discharge location and comparing characteristics of older adults within 7 and 30 days of discharge from a community hospital. Data on rehospitalization for Medicare fee-for-service patients (75 and older) over a 12-month period were obtained from the information technology department of a not-for-profit community hospital. A total of 6,809 patients were discharged, with 12% rehospitalized within 30 days. Skilled nursing facilities had the highest rehospitalization rates (15%), followed by home with home health care (13%) and then home with self-care (8%). The highest rehospitalization rates were in areas where nursing has a strong presence, suggesting that nurses can play an important role in the development of interventions aimed at reducing rehospitalizations.

Cognitive impairment and medication self-management errors in older adults discharged home from a community hospital.

The purpose of this article is to report the results of a pilot study of the relationship between cognitive impairment and medication self-management errors in older adults discharged home from a community hospital. It is hoped that these preliminary data will provide some new ideas for reducing errors in medication self-management posthospitalization.

Avoidability of hospital transfers of nursing home residents: perspectives of frontline staff.

OBJECTIVES: To describe nursing home (NH) staff perceptions of avoidability of hospital transfers of NH residents. DESIGN: Mixed methods qualitative and quantitative analysis of 1,347 quality improvement (QI) review tools completed by staff at 26 NHs and transcripts of conference calls. SETTING: Twenty-six NHs in three states participating in the Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers (INTERACT II) QI project. PARTICIPANTS: Site coordinators and staff who participated in project orientation and conference calls and completed QI tools. MEASUREMENTS: NH and hospitalization data collected for the INTERACT II project. An interprofessional team coded and quantified reasons for hospital transfer on 1,347 QI review tools. RESULTS: Staff rated 76% of the transfers in the QI review tools as not avoidable. Common reasons for transfers rated as unavoidable were acute change in resident status, family insistence, and physician order for transfer. These same reasons were given for transfers rated as avoidable. Avoidable ratings were associated with a broader set of reasons and recommendations for improvement, including earlier identification and management of changes in clinical status, earlier discussion with family members about advance directives, and more-comprehensive communication with physicians. NHs that were more actively engaged in the INTERACT II interventions rated more transfers as avoidable. Percentage of transfers rated avoidable was not correlated with change in hospitalization rates. CONCLUSION: NH staff rated fewer hospital transfers as avoidable than published estimates. Greater attention to the complex array of reasons that staff provide for hospital transfer should be considered in strategies to reduce avoidable hospitalizations of NH residents.

Interventions to reduce hospitalizations from nursing homes: evaluation of the INTERACT II collaborative quality improvement project.

A substantial proportion of hospitalizations of nursing home (NH) residents may be avoidable. Medicare payment reforms, such as bundled payments for episodes of care and value-based purchasing, will change incentives that favor hospitalization but could result in care quality problems if NHs lack the resources and training to identify and manage acute conditions proactively. Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers (INTERACT) II is a quality improvement intervention that includes a set of tools and strategies designed to assist NH staff in early identification, assessment, communication, and documentation about changes in resident status. INTERACT II was evaluated in 25 NHs in three states in a 6-month quality improvement initiative that provided tools, on-site education, and teleconferences every 2 weeks facilitated by an experienced nurse practitioner. There was a 17% reduction in self-reported hospital admissions in these 25 NHs from the same 6-month period in the previous year. The group of 17 NHs rated as engaged in the initiative had a 24% reduction, compared with 6% in the group of eight NHs rated as not engaged and 3% in a comparison group of 11 NHs. The average cost of the 6-month implementation was $7,700 per NH. The projected savings to Medicare in a 100-bed NH were approximately $125,000 per year. Despite challenges in implementation and caveats about the accuracy of self-reported hospitalization rates and the characteristics of the participating NHs, the trends in these results suggest that INTERACT II should be further evaluated in randomized controlled trials to determine its effect on avoidable hospitalizations and their related morbidity and cost.

Frequency and diagnoses associated with 7- and 30-day readmission of skilled nursing facility patients to a nonteaching community hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency and diagnoses associated with 7- and 30-day acute hospital readmissions of patients discharged to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) from an acute hospital. DESIGN: A quality improvement project focusing on 30-day hospital readmissions, using retrospective data derived from the hospital's electronic data repository. SETTING: A 350-bed nonteaching community hospital in southeast Florida. MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected on all discharges of Medicare fee-for-service patients age 75 and older for a 17-month period in 2007 and 2008. The primary source of data was the hospital's electronic data repository. Seven and 30-day hospital readmission rates were calculated for all discharges to SNFs. Index hospital and readmission diagnoses were determined by hospital coders and categorized by the physician coauthors. RESULTS: Among 10,777 discharges of patients age 75 and older, 3254 (30%) were discharged to an SNF, and of these, 584 (18%) were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days; 191 (33%) of these readmissions occurred within 7 days. The index diagnostic categories with the highest readmission rates were genitourinary disorders (30%) and cardiovascular disorders (25%). Specific diagnoses associated with the highest readmission rates included congestive heart failure (CHF) (31%), urinary tract infection (28%), renal failure (27%), and pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (23% each). Infections and cardiovascular disorders were the primary diagnoses for 63% of the hospital readmissions (36% and 27% respectively). The most frequent readmission primary diagnosis was the same as the index admission primary diagnosis in less than half the cases. CONCLUSION: In this community hospital population, close to 1 in 5 discharges to an SNF resulted in a hospital readmission within 30 days. CHF, renal failure, UTI, pneumonia, and COPD were common index hospital and readmission diagnoses. Care paths and guidelines are available for these conditions that should be helpful to SNFs in initiatives designed to improve transitional care and reduce potentially avoidable hospital readmissions, as well as their associated morbidity and cost.