ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Female sex workers, MSM, and transgender women-collectively referred to as key populations (KPs)-are disproportionately affected by gender-based violence (GBV) and HIV, yet little is known about the violence they face, its gender-based origins, and responses to GBV. The purpose of this study was to understand the nature and consequences of GBV experienced, to inform HIV policies and programming and to help protect KPs' human rights. METHODS: Using a participatory approach, FSWs, MSM, and transgender women in Barbados, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago, and Haiti conducted 278 structured interviews with peers to understand their experiences of and responses to GBV. Responses to open-ended questions were coded in NVivo and analyzed using an applied thematic analysis. RESULTS: Nearly all participants experienced some form of GBV. Emotional and economic GBV were the most commonly reported but approximately three-quarters of participants reported sexual and physical GBV and other human rights violations. The most common settings for GBV were at home, locations where sex work took place such as brothels, bars and on the street; public spaces such as parks, streets and public transport, health care centers, police stations and-for transgender women and MSM-religious settings and schools. The most common perpetrators of violence included: family, friends, peers and neighbors, strangers, intimate partners, sex work clients and other sex workers, health care workers, police, religious leaders and teachers. Consequences included emotional, physical, and sexual trauma; lack of access to legal, health, and other social services; and loss of income, employment, housing, and educational opportunities. Though many participants disclosed experiences of GBV to friends, colleagues and family, they rarely sought services following violence. Furthermore, less than a quarter of participants believed that GBV put them at risk of HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that across the four study countries, FSWs, MSM, and transgender women experienced GBV from state and non-state actors throughout their lives, and much of this violence was directly connected to rigid and harmful gender norms. Through coordinated interventions that address both HIV and GBV, this region has the opportunity to reduce the national burden of HIV while also promoting key populations' human rights.
Subject(s)
Gender-Based Violence , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Sex Workers/psychology , Sexual and Gender Minorities/statistics & numerical data , Social Stigma , Adult , Caribbean Region/epidemiology , Female , Human Rights , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Latin America/epidemiology , Male , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep43332.
ABSTRACT
Many studies highlight that fish trawling activities cause seafloor erosion, but the assessment of the remobilization of surface sediments and its relocation is still not well documented. These impacts were examined along the flanks and axes of three headless submarine canyons incised on the Barcelona continental margin, where trawling fleets have been operating for decades. Trawled grounds along canyon flanks presented eroded and highly reworked surface sediments resulting from the passage of heavy trawling gear. Sedimentation rates on the upper canyon axes tripled and quadrupled its natural (i.e. pre-industrialization) values after a substantial increase in total horsepower of the operating trawling fleets between 1960 s and 1970 s. These impacts affected the upper canyon reaches next to fishing grounds, where sediment resuspended by trawling can be transported towards the canyon axes. This study highlights that bottom trawling has the capacity to alter natural sedimentary environments by promoting sediment-starved canyon flanks, and by enhancing sedimentation rates along the contiguous axes, independently of canyons' morphology. Considering the global mechanisation and offshore expansion of bottom trawling fisheries since the mid-20th century, these sedimentary alterations may occur in many trawled canyons worldwide, with further ecological impacts on the trophic status of these non-resilient benthic communities.
ABSTRACT
La consulta de niño sano en el consultorio médico familiar puede ejecer una influencia positiva sobre las relaciones entre padres e hijos, cuando se pone de manifiesto la salud social, psicológica y emocional, lo que contribuye a la modificación de actitudes en la madre. Dada su necesidad, la consulta tradicional individual no nos proporciona esta posibilidad, para lo que resulta ideal la consulta en grupo o de puericultura grupal o círculo de lactantes, a quien en última instancia beneficia. Por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se brinda la experiencia obtenida al respecto y se exponen las limitaciones de la consulta tradicional habitual, así como las ventajas y contenidos de este nuevo tipo de consulta en grupo. Se hace énfasis además en la promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedades frecuentes en los lactantes, mediantes dinámicas grupales y técnicas participativas
Subject(s)
Child Care/methods , Infant CareABSTRACT
La consulta de niño sano en el consultorio médico familiar puede ejecer una influencia positiva sobre las relaciones entre padres e hijos, cuando se pone de manifiesto la salud social, psicológica y emocional, lo que contribuye a la modificación de actitudes en la madre. Dada su necesidad, la consulta tradicional individual no nos proporciona esta posibilidad, para lo que resulta ideal la consulta en grupo o de puericultura grupal o círculo de lactantes, a quien en última instancia beneficia. Por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se brinda la experiencia obtenida al respecto y se exponen las limitaciones de la consulta tradicional habitual, así como las ventajas y contenidos de este nuevo tipo de consulta en grupo. Se hace énfasis además en la promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedades frecuentes en los lactantes, mediantes dinámicas grupales y técnicas participativas (AU)
