ABSTRACT
Mass-trapping has been used to control outbreaks of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico since 2011. We investigated the effect of multi-year, insecticide-free mass trapping had on the insecticide susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti. Eggs collected in southern Puerto Rico were used to generate F1 populations that were tested for susceptibility to permethrin, sumethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, and malathion according to CDC bottle bioassays protocols. All populations of Ae. aegypti were resistant to the synthetic pyrethroids and mosquitoes from two locations were partially resistant to malathion. Population genetic analysis, using a double digest restriction sites associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) approach, indicated a large amount of migration between study sites effectively homogenizing the mosquito populations. Mass-trapping using noninsecticidal autocidal gravid ovitraps did not restore susceptibility to five active ingredients that are found in commercial insecticides. Migration between communities was high and would have brought outside alleles, including resistant alleles to the treatment communities. Further investigation suggests that household use of commercially available insecticide products may continue to select for resistance in absence of public health space spraying of insecticides.
Subject(s)
Aedes , Genetics, Population , Insecticide Resistance/genetics , Aedes/drug effects , Aedes/genetics , Animal Distribution , Animals , Genes, Insect , Insecticides/pharmacology , Malathion/pharmacology , Mosquito Vectors/drug effects , Mosquito Vectors/genetics , Permethrin/pharmacology , Puerto Rico , Pyrethrins/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Although online psychological services and research based on them are increasing rapidly, it is not that easy to find investigations that focus on the kind of people that demand them. To know their profile could help to improve the online psychological services that are offered to them. For this purpose, we analysed the sociodemographic characteristics of 1052 participants, all of them having posed a psychological question to our online advice service. The relations between sociodemographics and variables related to the psychological consultation are analysed herein. Features such as age distribution, a high proportion of long-term problems, the large quantity of questions from Latin America, or the under representation of the lowest socioeconomic and educational levels could lead to clinical, social and legal implications that we comment on in this work.
Subject(s)
Counseling , Internet , Adolescent , Adult , Demography , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , PsychologyABSTRACT
Aunque son cada vez más los servicios de psicología online y las investigaciones que se dedican a analizar sus resultados, no es tan fácil encontrar trabajos que describan el tipo de personas que los usan. El conocer el perfil de estas personas puede ayudar a mejorar los servicios de psicología online que se les ofrecen. Para llevarlo a cabo, hemos analizado las características socioeconómicas de 1.052 participantes, los cuales utilizaron nuestro servicio de consejo psicológico online. Las relaciones entre variables sociodemográficas y las relativas al motivo de la consulta constituyen el cuerpo de resultados de este artículo. La distribución de la edad en la muestra y un alto grado de cronicidad, la gran cantidad de consultas procedentes de Latinoamérica o la escasa presencia de personas con bajo nivel socioeconómico o educativo pueden conllevar implicaciones clínicas, sociales y legales que comentamos en este trabajo
Although online psychological services and research based on them are increasing rapidly, it is not that easy to find investigations that focus on the kind of people that demand them. To know their profile could help to improve the online psychological services that are offered to them. For this purpose, we analysed the sociodemographic characteristics of 1052 participants, all of them having posed a psychological question to our online advice service. The relations between sociodemographics and variables related to the psychological consultation are analysed herein. Features such as age distribution, a high proportion of long-term problems, the large quantity of questions from Latin America, or the under representation of the lowest socioeconomic and educational levels could lead to clinical, social and legal implications that we comment on in this work
