Predicting Aedes aegypti infestation using landscape and thermal features.

Identifying Aedes aegypti breeding hotspots in urban areas is crucial for the design of effective vector control strategies. Remote sensing techniques offer valuable tools for mapping habitat suitability. In this study, we evaluated the association between urban landscape, thermal features, and mosquito infestations. Entomological surveys were conducted between 2016 and 2019 in Vila Toninho, a neighborhood of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, in which the numbers of adult female Ae. aegypti were recorded monthly and grouped by season for three years. We used data from 2016 to 2018 to build the model and data from summer of 2019 to validate it. WorldView-3 satellite images were used to extract land cover classes, and land surface temperature data were obtained using the Landsat-8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). A multilevel negative binomial model was fitted to the data, which showed that the winter season has the greatest influence on decreases in mosquito abundance. Green areas and pavements were negatively associated, and a higher cover of asbestos roofs and exposed soil was positively associated with the presence of adult females. These features are related to socio-economic factors but also provide favorable breeding conditions for mosquitos. The application of remote sensing technologies has significant potential for optimizing vector control strategies, future mosquito suppression, and outbreak prediction.

Dispersion of Lutzomyia longipalpis and expansion of visceral leishmaniasis in São Paulo State, Brazil: identification of associated factors through survival analysis.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious public health problem because of its magnitude, geographical expansion and potential harms caused by illnesses, including death. However, VL is largely ignored in discussions of tropical disease priorities. Thus, this study aimed to identify factors associated with the expansion of VL and the dispersion of its vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, in the municipalities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Information about the date of vector detection and the confirmation of autochthonous VL occurrence in humans and canines in São Paulo were obtained between 1997 and 2014. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier and the Cox multiple regression models was used. RESULTS: The presence of the Marechal Rondon highway showed the highest positive association with vector dispersion and canine and human VL expansion. The monthly maximum and minimum temperature averages recorded in the municipalities during the study period were also positively associated with these events. The presence of transverse highways was positively associated with the presence of the vector; the border with the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, the presence of a prison, microregion headquarters, and the presence of the Tietê River were positively associated with the occurrence of canine cases, while only the presence of prison was positively associated with the occurrence of human cases. The construction of the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline was not associated with any events. CONCLUSIONS: Survival analysis enabled the identification of factors associated with vector dispersion and VL expansion, thus the results of this study may be useful to the improvement of VL surveillance and control activities in the State of São Paulo and throughout Brazil.

Aedes aegypti entomological indices in an endemic area for dengue in Sao Paulo State, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the most productive types of properties and containers for Aedes aegypti and the spatial distribution of entomological indices. METHODS: Between December 2006 and February 2007, the vector's immature forms were collected to obtain entomological indices in 9,875 properties in the Jaguare neighborhood of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil. In March and April 2007, a questionnaire about the conditions and characteristics of properties was administered. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with the presence of pupae at the properties. Indices calculated per block were combined with a geo-referenced map, and thematic maps of these indices were obtained using statistical interpolation. RESULTS: The properties inspected had the following Ae. aegypti indices: Breteau Index = 18.9, 3.7 larvae and 0.42 pupae per property, 5.2 containers harboring Ae. aegypti per hectare, 100.0 larvae and 11.6 pupae per hectare, and 1.3 larvae and 0.15 pupae per inhabitant. The presence of yards, gardens and animals was associated with the presence of pupae. CONCLUSIONS: Specific types of properties and containers that simultaneously had low frequencies among those positive for the vector and high participation in the productivity of larvae and pupae were not identified. The use of indices including larval and pupal counts does not provide further information beyond that obtained from the traditional Stegomyia indices in locations with characteristics similar to those of São José do Rio Preto. The indices calculated per area were found to be more accurate for the spatial assessment of infestation. The Ae. aegypti infestation levels exhibited extensive spatial variation, indicating that the assessment of infestation in micro areas is needed.

Aedes aegypti entomological indices in an endemic area for dengue in Sao Paulo State, Brazil / Indicadores entomológicos de Aedes aegypti em área endêmica de dengue, São Paulo, Brasil / Indicadores entomologicos de Aedes aegypti en area endemica de dengue, Sao Paulo, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the most productive types of properties and containers for Aedes aegypti and the spatial distribution of entomological indices. METHODS: Between December 2006 and February 2007, the vector's immature forms were collected to obtain entomological indices in 9,875 properties in the Jaguare neighborhood of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil. In March and April 2007, a questionnaire about the conditions and characteristics of properties was administered. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with the presence of pupae at the properties. Indices calculated per block were combined with a geo-referenced map, and thematic maps of these indices were obtained using statistical interpolation. RESULTS: The properties inspected had the following Ae. aegypti indices: Breteau Index = 18.9, 3.7 larvae and 0.42 pupae per property, 5.2 containers harboring Ae. aegypti per hectare, 100.0 larvae and 11.6 pupae per hectare, and 1.3 larvae and 0.15 pupae per inhabitant. The presence of yards, gardens and animals was associated with the presence of pupae. CONCLUSIONS: Specific types of properties and containers that simultaneously had low frequencies among those positive for the vector and high participation in the productivity of larvae and pupae were not identified. The use of indices including larval and pupal counts does not provide further information beyond that obtained from the traditional Stegomyia indices in locations with characteristics similar to those of São José do Rio Preto. The indices calculated per area were found to be more accurate for the spatial assessment of infestation. The Ae. aegypti infestation levels exhibited extensive spatial variation, indicating that the assessment of infestation in micro areas is needed. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os tipos de imóveis e de recipientes mais produtivos para o desenvolvimento de Aedes aegyptie a distribuição espacial de indicadores entomológicos. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas coletas de formas imaturas de mosquitos para obtenção de indicadores entomológicos em 9.875 imóveis no bairro Jaguaré, no município de São José do Rio Preto, SP, entre dezembro de 2006 e fevereiro de 2007. Aplicou-se questionário sobre as condições e características de imóveis em março e abril de 2007. Utilizou-se regressão logística para identificar as variáveis associadas com a presença de pupas nos imóveis. Índices calculados por quadra foram combinados com mapas georreferenciados, possibilitando a produção de mapas temáticos por meio de interpolação estatística. RESULTADOS: Os imóveis inspecionados apresentaram os seguintes índices para Ae. aegytpi: Índice de Breteau de 18,9, 3,7 larvas e 0,42 pupas por imóvel, 5,2 recipientes com Ae. aegypti por hectare, 100,0 larvas e 11,6 pupas por hectare, e 1,3 larva e 0,15 pupa por habitante. Presença de quintal, jardim e animais associaram-se com a presença de pupas. CONCLUSÕES: Não foram identificados tipos específicos de imóveis e de recipientes que fossem pouco frequentes dentre aqueles com a presença do vetor e, ao mesmo tempo, que apresentassem elevada participação na produtividade de larvas e pupas. O uso de índices baseados na quantificação de larvas e pupas não traria informações além daquelas obtidas com os índices estegômicos tradicionais em localidades com características similares a São José do Rio Preto. Os índices calculados por área apresentaram maior acurácia para avaliar espacialmente ...

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los tipos de inmuebles y de recipientes más productivos para el desarrollo de Aedes aegypti y la distribución espacial de indicadores entomológicos MÉTODOS: Se realizaron colectas de formas inmaduras de mosquitos para obtención de indicadores entomológicos en 9.875 inmuebles en la urbanización Jaguaré, en el municipio de Sao José do Rio Preto, SP (Brasil), entre diciembre de 2006 y febrero de 2007. Se aplicó cuestionario sobre las condiciones y características de los inmuebles en marzo y abril de 2007. Se utilizó regresión logística para identificar las variables asociadas con la presencia de pupas en los inmuebles. Se combinaron los Índices calculados por cuadra con mapas georeferenciados, posibilitando la producción de mapas temáticos por medio de interpolación estadística. RESULTADOS: Los inmuebles inspeccionados presentaron los siguientes índices para Aedes aegypti: Índice de Breteau de 18,9, 3,7 larvas y 0,42 pupas por inmueble, 5,2 recipientes con Ae. Aegypti por hectárea, 100,0 larvas y 11,6 pupas por hectárea, y 1,3 larvas y 0,15 pupas por habitante. Presencia de patio, jardín y animales se asociaron con la presencia de pupas. CONCLUSIONES: No se identificaron tipos específicos de inmuebles y de recipientes que fueran poco frecuentes entre aquellos con la presencia del vector y, al mismo tiempo, que presentaran elevada participación en la productividad de larvas y pupas. El uso de índices basados en la cuantificación de larvas y pupas no traería informaciones aunadas a las obtenidas con los índices Stegómicos tradicionales en localidades con características similares a Sao José do Rio Preto. Los índices calculados por área presentaron mayor precisión para evaluar espacialmente la infestación y la infestación ...

Assessment of entomological indicators of Aedes aegypti (L.) from adult and egg collections in São Paulo, Brazil.

We compared the presence and mean number of eggs from oviposition traps with the mean number of Aedes aegypti females captured by manual aspirators and by MosquiTRAPs to determine the sensitivity of each method and to standardize each indicator. The collections of adults and eggs were performed over 23 weeks in six neighborhoods of Mirassol, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A better assessment of indicators required larger number of MosquiTRAPs, but to quantify the number of females per house, one trap was sufficient. The sensitivities of MosquiTRAPs and manual aspirations to detect the presence of A. aegypti females were similar, but were lower compared to oviposition traps. The correlation coefficients between the number of females captured by MosquiTRAPs and manual aspirations and the number of eggs from oviposition traps were low, which may be a consequence of each method showing different stages of the mosquito life cycle.

Assessment of entomological indicators of Aedes aegypti from adult and egg / collections in São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT: We compared the presence and mean number of eggs from oviposition traps with the mean number of Aedes aegypti females captured by manual aspirators and by MosquiTRAPsTM to determine the sensitivity of each method and to standardize each indicator. The collections of adults and eggs were performed over 23 weeks in six neighborhoods of Mirassol, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A better assessment of indicators required larger number of MosquiTRAPs, but to quantify the number of females per house, one trap was sufficient. The sensitivities of MosquiTRAPs and manual aspirations to detect the presence of A. aegypti females were similar, but were lower compared to oviposition traps. The correlation coefficients between the number of females captured by MosquiTRAPs and manual aspirations and the number of eggs from oviposition traps were low, which may be a consequence of each method showing different stages of the mosquito life cycle.(au)

O Programa de Controle do Dengue em São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil: dificuldades para a atuação dos agentes e adesão da população / Dengue Control Program in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil: problems with health agents' work and population adherence

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar aspectos que interferem na atuação dos agentes de controle de vetores e comunitários de saúde no Programa de Controle do Dengue e na adesão da população. Utilizou-se metodologia de grupos focais, nos quais foi discutida a relação agente-serviço-população. O controle e prevenção do dengue foram considerados atividades de menor importância, e o agente ideal seria aquele capaz de encaminhar todas as demandas e não só aquelas relacionadas ao dengue. Os agentes de controle de vetores apontaram para problemas como recusa e falta de adesão, identificação como coletores de lixo, diferenciação de status em relação aos agentes comunitários de saúde. Entre as mulheres, identificaram-se a relação de culpabilização entre vizinhos, a associação do problema do dengue à falta de higiene e a relação entre casa limpa e ausência de criadouros. Os aspectos destacados interferem negativamente na atuação dos agentes e são condicionados pela característica vertical do programa. Encaminhamentos possíveis: incorporação dos agentes de controle às Unidades de Saúde, investimento na integração intersetorial e criação de condições para que os agentes atuem sobre o meio ambiente.

This study aimed to identify the aspects that interfere with the performance of vector control agents and community health workers and population adherence to dengue control programs. The focal group methodology was applied to discuss the relations between the program, health agents, and population. According to the results, dengue control and prevention were considered relatively unimportant activities, i.e., ideal community health workers would be capable of solving other (supposedly more important) problems. Vector control agents emphasized the population's lack of adherence and the fact that they (the control agents) were confused with garbage collectors (considered less important than community health workers, and with a focus more on productivity than quality). Women frequently blamed neighbors for the dengue problem and associated the disease with lack of hygiene. These aspects have a negative impact on dengue control agents' work and result from the program's vertical structure. Possible solutions would be to incorporate the agents into community health clinics, encourage cooperation between departments, and provide the conditions for them to intervene in the environment.

[Dengue Control Program in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil: problems with health agents' work and population adherence]. / O Programa de Controle do Dengue em São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil: dificuldades para a atuação dos agentes e adesão da população.

This study aimed to identify the aspects that interfere with the performance of vector control agents and community health workers and population adherence to dengue control programs. The focal group methodology was applied to discuss the relations between the program, health agents, and population. According to the results, dengue control and prevention were considered relatively unimportant activities, i.e., ideal community health workers would be capable of solving other (supposedly more important) problems. Vector control agents emphasized the population's lack of adherence and the fact that they (the control agents) were confused with garbage collectors (considered less important than community health workers, and with a focus more on productivity than quality). Women frequently blamed neighbors for the dengue problem and associated the disease with lack of hygiene. These aspects have a negative impact on dengue control agents' work and result from the program's vertical structure. Possible solutions would be to incorporate the agents into community health clinics, encourage cooperation between departments, and provide the conditions for them to intervene in the environment.

[Dengue control in an urban area of Brazil: impact of the Family Health Program on traditional control]. / Controle do dengue em uma área urbana do Brasil: avaliação do impacto do Programa Saúde da Família com relação ao programa tradicional de controle.

A study was performed in different areas of São José do Rio Preto which include the Family Health Program (FHP) and the Dengue Control Program, and the results of integration between the two programs were evaluated. In addition to other responsibilities, community health agents instructed residents on dengue control measures, encouraging the population to adopt the practices in areas with the FHP. Vector control agents were responsible for breeding site control and instructed local residents on the Dengue Control Program. From 2001 to 2003, surveys were conducted to measure residents' dengue control knowledge and practices. The proportions of residents in the FHP area that reported health services as a source of information increased significantly as compared to the other area. There were significant changes concerning the increase in information about the disease and reduction in vector breeding sites. The results show that integration between the programs is possible and could help optimize resources, avoiding duplicity of procedures and fostering greater community involvement in dengue control.

Controle do dengue em uma área urbana do Brasil: avaliacão do impacto do Programa Saúde da Família com relacão ao programa tradicional de controle / Dengue control in an urban area of Brazil: impact of the Family Health Program on traditional control

Avaliaram-se os resultados da integracão do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) e do Programa de Controle do Dengue em São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em uma área com PSF e outra sem PSF. Na primeira, os agentes comunitários de saúde, de modo integrado com as suas atribuicões, orientavam os moradores sobre as medidas de controle de dengue, incentivando-os a realizá-las. Na segunda área, os agentes de controle de vetores orientavam os moradores e realizavam as atividades de controle de criadouros. Conduziram-se, de outubro de 2001 a janeiro de 2003, levantamentos para mensurar conhecimentos e práticas dos moradores sobre dengue. Na área com PSF comparativamente com a sem PSF as proporcões de entrevistados que afirmaram ter como fonte de informacão o servico de saúde apresentaram aumento significante. Nas duas áreas ocorreram mudancas significantes em termos de ganhos de conhecimento e diminuicão de recipientes. Os resultados mostraram que a integracão entre os dois programas é viável, representa otimizacão de recursos ao evitar a duplicidade das visitas e possibilita um maior envolvimento da comunidade no controle do dengue.

Physiological state of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquitoes captured with MosquiTRAPs in Mirassol, São Paulo, Brazil.

We examined the best location in a house to install MosquiTRAPs, sticky ovitraps that attract and capture Aedes aegypti females and investigated the physiological state of captured female mosquitoes. The study was performed in a twenty-block area in Mirassol, São Paulo State, Brazil, in which five blocks were randomly chosen for MosquiTRAP installation. In each block, four houses were selected for the installation of eight traps: four indoors (bedroom, living room, bathroom, and kitchen) and four outdoors in the shade (two at the front of the house and two in the backyard). These houses were visited over an eight-week period. The outdoor MosquiTRAPs captured five times more females than indoor traps and appeared to be the best places to install MosquiTRAPs. There were no significant differences among indoor sites or among outdoor sites with respect to the number of females captured. The capacity of the MosquiTRAP to capture a large number of gravid Ae. aegypti females reinforces its potential as an entomological surveillance tool in dengue control programs.

Atividades de controle do dengue na visão de seus agentes e da população atendida, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil / Dengue control as viewed by agents and the target population in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo foi identificar, no contexto da atuação dos agentes responsáveis pelo controle do dengue e na sua relação com moradores, situações vivenciadas no dia-a-dia de suas funções. Realizou-se estudo transversal com aplicação de questionários à população dos agentes de controle de vetores (ACV), à dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) e a uma amostra de mulheres. As respostas dadas pelos agentes foram agrupadas nos âmbitos do trabalho, particular e coletivo. As mulheres foram abordadas sobre a relação mantida com os agentes. As dificuldades citadas nos âmbitos particular e trabalho pelos ACV diferiram das citadas pelos ACS. No coletivo foram coincidentes e mostraram que ambos não estão preparados para lidar com estas questões. Das mulheres entrevistadas, 87,0 por cento afirmaram estar bem ou muito bem informadas sobre dengue, 84,0 por cento afirmaram que os trabalhos dos agentes ajudam sempre e 54,0 por cento apontaram como dificuldade o horário impróprio da visita realizada pelo agente. Identificou-se a necessidade de um novo profissional que reconheça e respeite as particularidades dos locais onde atua e desenvolva suas atividades de forma integrada às questões sócio-ambientais da comunidade.

[Dengue control as viewed by agents and the target population in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil]. / Atividades de controle do dengue na visão de seus agentes e da população atendida, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.

The aim of this article was to identify daily situations experienced by dengue control agents in their relationship to local residents. A cross-sectional study applied questionnaires among vector control agents, community health workers, and a sample of local women. The answers by the dengue control agents and community health workers were grouped in the categories of work, private life, and community. The women were asked about the relationship with the vector control and community health workers. The difficulties cited in the private and work areas by the vector control agents were different from those reported by community health workers. At the community level they coincided and showed that neither group is adequately prepared to deal with these issues. Of the local women interviewed, 87.0% reported that they were well-informed or very well-informed about dengue, 84.0% stated that the work by the vector control agents and community health workers was always helpful, and 54.0% identified inappropriate visiting hours by vector control agents and community health workers as a difficulty. The study identified the need for a new job profile that would recognize and respect the specificities of the areas where their activities are conducted, integrating the community's socio-environmental issues.

Controle do vetor do dengue e participação da comunidade em Catanduva, São Paulo, Brasil / Dengue vector control and community participation in Catanduva, São Paulo State, Brazil

O trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar mudanças de conhecimentos e práticas de prevenção do dengue, e desenvolveu-se em duas áreas de Catanduva: Area de Estudo e Area Controle. Realizaram-se, entre 1999 e 2001, levantamentos quantitativo inicial e qualitativo; diagnóstico preliminar, apresentado à comunidade da Area de Estudo, desencadeando discussão para a definição e o direcionamento das ações; o desenvolvimento das ações na Area de Estudo, com a participação da comunidade; continuidade das atividades de rotina na Area Controle; e avaliação final. Na Area de Estudo, as ações realizadas foram: mudança do trabalho dos agentes de controle de vetores que passaram a demonstrar as medidas preventivas, sem a retirada de recipientes e sem utilização de larvicida; utilização de material educativo específico à realidade local; atividades relacionadas às prioridades dos moradores; atividades como música, teatro, gincanas e brincadeiras; demonstração do ciclo do vetor. Como resultado, houve a diminuição significante do número de recipientes por casa; o aumento significante da proporção de casas sem recipientes; e o aumento significante da proporção de pessoas que reconheceram as larvas do vetor na Area de Estudo em relação à de Controle.

[Dengue vector control and community participation in Catanduva, São Paulo State, Brazil]. / Controle do vetor do dengue e participação da comunidade em Catanduva, São Paulo, Brasil.

This study aimed to identify changes in knowledge and practices learned to prevent dengue fever in two areas of Catanduva, São Paulo State, from 1999 to 2001: a study area and a control area. The study included an initial quantitative survey, qualitative research, a preliminary diagnosis presented to the community to launch a discussion aimed at defining future actions, implementation of the actions in the study area with community participation (but without changes in the control area), and a final comparison of the two areas. Changes in the study area included: vector control workers began demonstrating preventive measures without removing potential breeding places or using larvicide; use of educational aids specific to the local reality; activities related to the residents priorities; and activities such as music, theater skits, scavenger hunts, and games to demonstrate the vector cycle. Potential domiciliary breeding sites were significantly reduced; the proportion of houses without breeding sites was significantly increased; and there was an increase in the percentage of individuals who recognized the larval form of the vector in the study area as compared to the control area.