ABSTRACT
RECQL4 belongs to the conserved RecQ family of DNA helicases, members of which play important roles in the maintenance of genome stability in all organisms that have been examined. Although genetic alterations in the RECQL4 gene are reported to be associated with three autosomal recessive disorders (Rothmund-Thomson, RAPADILINO and Baller-Gerold syndromes), the molecular role of RECQL4 still remains poorly understood. Here, we show that RECQL4 specifically interacts with the histone acetyltransferase p300 (also known as p300 HAT), both in vivo and in vitro, and that p300 acetylates one or more of the lysine residues at positions 376, 380, 382, 385 and 386 of RECQL4. Furthermore, we report that these five lysine residues lie within a short motif of 30 amino acids that is essential for the nuclear localization of RECQL4. Remarkably, the acetylation of RECQL4 by p300 in vivo leads to a significant shift of a proportion of RECQL4 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This accumulation of the acetylated RECQL4 is a result of its inability to be imported into the nucleus. Our results provide the first evidence of a post-translational modification of the RECQL4 protein, and suggest that acetylation of RECQL4 by p300 regulates the trafficking of RECQL4 between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Subject(s)
Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Cytoplasm/metabolism , E1A-Associated p300 Protein/metabolism , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , RecQ Helicases/metabolism , Acetylation , Amino Acid Motifs , Amino Acid Sequence , E1A-Associated p300 Protein/genetics , HeLa Cells , Humans , Lysine , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutation , Nuclear Localization Signals/metabolism , Protein Transport , RecQ Helicases/chemistry , RecQ Helicases/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , TransfectionABSTRACT
Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a cancer predisposition disorder caused by mutation of the BLM gene, encoding a member of the RecQ helicase family. Although the phenotype of BS cells is suggestive of a role for BLM in repair of stalled or damaged replication forks, thus far there has been no direct evidence that BLM associates with any of the three human replicative DNA polymerases. Here, we show that BLM interacts specifically in vitro and in vivo with p12, the smallest subunit of human POL delta (hPOL delta). The hPOL delta enzyme, as well as the isolated p12 subunit, stimulates the DNA helicase activity of BLM. Conversely, BLM stimulates hPOL delta strand displacement activity. Our results provide the first functional link between BLM and the replicative machinery in human cells, and suggest that BLM might be recruited to sites of disrupted replication through an interaction with hPOL delta. Finally, our data also define a novel role for the poorly characterized p12 subunit of hPOL delta.
Subject(s)
DNA Helicases/metabolism , DNA Polymerase III/metabolism , Binding Sites , Cell Line, Transformed , DNA Helicases/analysis , DNA Helicases/chemistry , DNA Polymerase III/analysis , DNA Polymerase III/chemistry , DNA Replication , Humans , Protein Subunits/analysis , Protein Subunits/chemistry , Protein Subunits/metabolism , RecQ HelicasesABSTRACT
Werner syndrome (WS) is a severe recessive disorder characterized by premature aging, cancer predisposition and genomic instability. The gene mutated in WS encodes a bi-functional enzyme called WRN that acts as a RecQ-type DNA helicase and a 3'-5' exonuclease, but its exact role in DNA metabolism is poorly understood. Here we show that WRN physically interacts with the MSH2/MSH6 (MutSalpha), MSH2/MSH3 (MutSbeta) and MLH1/PMS2 (MutLalpha) heterodimers that are involved in the initiation of mismatch repair (MMR) and the rejection of homeologous recombination. MutSalpha and MutSbeta can strongly stimulate the helicase activity of WRN specifically on forked DNA structures with a 3'-single-stranded arm. The stimulatory effect of MutSalpha on WRN-mediated unwinding is enhanced by a G/T mismatch in the DNA duplex ahead of the fork. The MutLalpha protein known to bind to the MutS alpha-heteroduplex complexes has no effect on WRN-mediated DNA unwinding stimulated by MutSalpha, nor does it affect DNA unwinding by WRN alone. Our data are consistent with results of genetic experiments in yeast suggesting that MMR factors act in conjunction with a RecQ-type helicase to reject recombination between divergent sequences.
Subject(s)
Base Pair Mismatch , DNA Repair , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , RecQ Helicases/metabolism , Binding Sites , Cell Line , DNA/chemistry , DNA/metabolism , DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism , Exodeoxyribonucleases , Humans , MutL Proteins , MutS Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism , MutS Homolog 3 Protein , Protein Structure, Tertiary , RecQ Helicases/chemistry , Two-Hybrid System Techniques , Werner Syndrome HelicaseABSTRACT
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a human genetic disorder characterized by genome instability, cancer susceptibility and premature aging. The gene defective in a subset of RTS cases, RECQL4, encodes a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases. To better define the function of the RECQL4 protein, we have determined its subcellular localization. We have raised antibodies against the N- and C-terminal parts of RECQL4 and could show that in various human cells endogenous RECQL4 forms discrete nuclear foci that colocalize with promyelotic leukaemia protein (PML). The number of foci and their colocalization with PML does not significantly change after induction of different types of DNA damages. Silencing of RECQL4 expression by siRNA causes a significant reduction in RECQL4 nuclear foci formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RECQL4 foci coincide with foci formed by human Rad51 and regions of single-stranded DNA after induction of DNA double-strand breaks. In agreement with this, we also show that RECQL4 and Rad51 form a complex in human cells. Our findings suggest a role for RECQL4 in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination and shed new light onto RECQL4's function in human cells.
