Increased C-reactive protein and decreased Interleukin-2 content in serum from obese individuals with or without insulin resistance: Associations with leukocyte count and insulin and adiponectin content.

AIMS: Chronic inflammation in obesity is associated with co-morbidities such as, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Leukocytes play an important role in this inflammation and C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can be important effectors during the immune response in obesity; however, the initial inflammatory events in obesity remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the circulating levels of CRP, IL-2, insulin and adiponectin, their association and the association with leukocyte count in obese individuals without co-morbidities and with or without insulin resistance (IR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen obese non-diabetic and 9 lean subjects were studied for serum levels of CRP, IL-2, insulin, adiponectin, lipids, glycated hemoglobin, glycemia, for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), arterial pressure and anthropometric parameters, and for leukocyte counts. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L) was calculated using the loge of leukocyte counts. Associations were determined by Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: None of the studied groups presented co-morbidities and two groups of obese individuals with normal or high levels of insulin (IR) were found. Increased CRP concentration and decreased IL-2 and adiponectin concentrations in obese were observed. Positive correlation between leukocyte type counts with CRP in obese with IR was found; however, no correlations with IL-2 in obese were observed. Insulin in obese were positively correlated with CRP and negatively correlated with IL-2 in IR obese individuals. Adiponectin in obese was negatively correlated with CRP. CONCLUSION: CRP and IL-2 may represent two important effectors in the early inflammatory events in obese individuals without co-morbidities. Adiponectin and insulin may be involved in anti-inflammatory events.

Increased proinflammatory markers and lipoperoxidation in obese individuals: Inicial inflammatory events?

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation associated to obesity increases the risk for developing insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The initial factors involved in generating the inflammatory events in the obesity remain unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine inflammatory and oxidative markers in the blood of obese individuals with normal clinical and biochemical parameters and with or without IR. METHODS: Nineteen obese non-diabetic and nine lean subjects were studied for serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, adiponectin, angiotensin II, insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the expressions of RAGE (advanced glycation end product receptor), AT1 (Ang II receptor), s100A12 protein (RAGE ligand) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in circulating mononuclear cells (CMC) by available antibodies and commercial kits. CMC were also cultured to determine pro-inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: Insulin was increased in obese subjects with IR. Decreased serum adiponectin in obese individuals and increased TNF-α, IL-1ß and CMC bearing RAGE, AT1 and s100A12 in obese individuals without IR were found. High values of serum MDA in obese subjects were observed. Similar TNF-content in cultures from obese and controls, increased cellular IL-1ß content in cultures from obese individuals without IR and high content of MDA in supernatants from obese individual cultures were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The inflammatory events were mainly observed in obese individuals without IR. The absent of inflammatory events and high levels of insulin in obese subjects with IR, suggest a protector role of insulin for developing inflammatory events. These data can represent initial aspects of the chronic inflammation observed in the obesity.

Association of obesity with leukocyte count in obese individuals without metabolic syndrome.

AIMS: Inflammation in obesity is associated to insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Leukocytes play an important role in obesity associated inflammation. The initial factors that generate the inflammatory events in the obesity remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association of circulating leukocytes with clinical and biochemical parameters in obese individuals with clinical and biochemical parameters in normal range and with or without IR. METHODS: Nineteen obese non-diabetic and 9 lean subjects were studied for serum levels of insulin, lipids, glycated hemoglobin, glycemia, for clinical parameters as HOMA-IR, arterial pressure and anthropometric parameters, and for leukocyte counts. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L) was calculated using the loge of leukocyte counts. Association between leukocytes and studied parameters was determined by Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: Two groups of obese individuals were observed: with high levels of insulin (with IR) and with normal levels (without IR). Positive correlations were observed between leukocyte and lymphocyte counts with body mass index and HOMA-IR and negative correlation with decreased HDL levels. Lymphocytes correlated with increased levels of insulin. Leukocytes and neutrophils correlated positively with increased visceral fat and liver steatosis. These associations were absent in the obese group without IR. N/L ratio did not show correlations with studied parameters. The leukocyte associations were mainly observed in obese individuals with IR. CONCLUSIONS: These data may represent initial leukocyte associations with morbidity features and define two different obese individuals that may evolve to the chronic inflammation observed in the obesity.

[From apixaban to aspirin in the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism]. / Desde el apixaban hasta la aspirina, en la prevencíon del tromboembolismo venoso recurrente.

For more than a decade, the only treatments available for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism, were vitamin K inhibitors, or low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). Both have been very useful for this purpose; however, with the inconvenience of required frequent laboratory tests and the risk of provoking major hemorrhages. LMWH also carry the risk for immune reactions and the high cost of using it for an extended period of time. With the advent of the new anticoagulants, there is no need for laboratory tests, but there is no way to individualize the dose, or to neutralize their effect. They are also very expensive. Several recent articles have shown that aspirin, as the only treatment for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism, gave good results in comparison to placebo. It has also been found that, after hip replacement surgery, the frequency of thromboembolism was similar in those patients treated with aspirin and those treated with LMWH. These results could open a new path in the search for the ideal treatment for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism.

[Use of warfarin and low range INR in the prevention of recurrent venous thrombosis]. / Uso de warfarina y bajo rango de INR en la prevención de trombosis venosa recurrente.

The object of this work was to determine the efficacy of a low range International Normalized Ratio (INR) between 1.5 and 1.9, in preventing recurrent venous thrombosis and the hemorrhagic manifestations that can complicate anticoagulation with warfarin. Thirty nine patients, 10 to 78 years of age were studied between January 2006 and November 2009. All of them had been treated with warfarin, for at least 6 months, due to deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The subjects were separated, at random, into two groups. In group A (20 patients), the doses of warfarin were adjusted until the INR was stabilized between 1.5 and 1.9; in group B, the INR was maintained between 2 and 3. The coagulant activities of plasma factors II, VII, IX and X were determined in a week and between the fourth and fifth weeks, after stabilization of the INR. Plasma activities of the coagulation factors assayed were abnormally low in both groups, in the two opportunities they were determined, although significantly lower in group B (p<0.05). No thromboembolic episodes occurred during the study, in any of the patients. One of the patients from group A and four from group B, presented minor hemorrhagic manifestations (p N.S.) The above results suggest that a range on INR lower that 2, could be sufficient to prevent recurrent thrombotic episodes while diminishing the frequency of hemorrhagic complications associated with the use of warfarin. However, it is necessary to continue incorporating more individuals in the study to obtain greater certainty in the analysis of these results.

Uso de warfarina y bajo rango de INR en la prevención de trombosis venosa recurrente / Use of warfarin and low range INR in the prevention of recurrent venous thrombosis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la efectividad de un rango de la Razón Normalizada Internacional (INR) entre 1,5 y 1,9 en la prevención de la recurrencia de trombosis venosa y de las complicaciones hemorrágicas asociadas al uso de warfarina. Entre enero del 2006 y noviembre del 2009, se estudiaron 39 pacientes, con edades entre 10 y 78 años y diagnóstico de trombosis venosa profunda y/o embolismo pulmonar que recibieron warfarina al menos durante 6 meses. Los sujetos fueron separados aleatoriamente en dos grupos: a 20 pacientes se le ajustó la dosis para mantener el INR entre 1,5 y 1,9 y a 19 pacientes se les mantuvo el INR entre 2 y 3. A cada individuo se le cuantificó la actividad plasmática de los factores II, VII, IX y X a la primera y entre la cuarta y quinta semanas, luego de estabilizado el INR. En ambos grupos, la actividad de los factores se encontró por debajo del valor normal con diferencia significativa entre los grupos (p<0,05). No se detectó recurrencia de trombosis durante el seguimiento. Solo se presentaron manifestaciones hemorrágicas menores en un sujeto con INR entre 1,5 y 1,9 y en cuatro del otro grupo (p = NS). Los resultados del presente trabajo sugieren que un rango de INR entre 1,5 y 1,9, provee un esquema de anticoagulación eficaz para la prevención de recurrencia de trombosis venosa con menor frecuencia de hemorragias. Sin embargo, es necesario seguir incorporando más individuos en el estudio para obtener mayor certeza en el análisis de estos resultados.

The object of this work was to determine the efficacy of a low range International Normalized Ratio (INR) between 1.5 and 1.9, in preventing recurrent venous thrombosis and the hemorrhagic manifestations that can complicate anticoagulation with warfarin. Thirty nine patients, 10 to 78 years of age were studied between January 2006 and November 2009. All of them had been treated with warfarin, for at least 6 months, due to deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The subjects were separated, at random, into two groups. In group A (20 patients), the doses of warfarin were adjusted until the INR was stabilized between 1.5 and 1.9; in group B, the INR was maintained between 2 and 3. The coagulant activities of plasma factors II, VII, IX and X were determined in a week and between the fourth and fifth weeks, after stabilization of the INR. Plasma activities of the coagulation factors assayed were abnormally low in both groups, in the two opportunities they were determined, although significantly lower in group B (p<0.05). No thromboembolic episodes occurred during the study, in any of the patients. One of the patients from group A and four from group B, presented minor hemorrhagic manifestations (p N.S.) The above results suggest that a range on INR lower that 2, could be sufficient to prevent recurrent thrombotic episodes while diminishing the frequency of hemorrhagic complications associated with the use of warfarin. However, it is necessary to continue incorporating more individuals in the study to obtain greater certainty in the analysis of these results.

[Treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Looking for something better. Review]. / Tratamiento de la púrpura trombocitopénica inmune crónica. Buscando algo mejor. Revisión.

Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (cITP) has become a field of multiple therapeutic assays. More than 20 types of treatment have been developed to obtain a favorable and prolonged platelet response. The treatment of cITP is oriented to inhibit the antiplatelet antibodies production by interference with the macrophage of the reticulum endothelial system and a blockade of the antigenic response with a decrease in the amplification of the immunological response. Steroids of the glucocorticoids type and splenectomy constitute the first line of treatment. Failure of these treatments leads to the use of second line drugs such as non steroid immuno-supressors and the immunoglobulins type IgG and anti-D. Therapeutic assays with others immunomodulators have been reported. The introduction of new drugs destined to increase the megakaryocytic bone marrow platelet production, has opened a new way to treat the cITP. However, the splenectomy remains as the simplest, safest and most effective treatment in cITP. The principal criteria does not have to be focused on obtaining a normal platelet count, but to reach safe hemostatic levels in absence of hemorrhage, for a prolonged time. On the other hand, despite the persistence of thrombocytopenia, the hematologist can choose to maintain the patient with no treatment and with only a strict clinical observation. It is obvious that the cost-benefit from the different treatments is inclined towards those of lower cost and minimal secondary effects.

Tratamiento de la púrpura trombocitopénica inmune crónica: buscando algo mejor: revisión / Treatment of the chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: looking for something better: review

La Púrpura Trombocitopenica Inmune crónica (PTIc) se ha convertido en un campo de múltiples ensayos terapéuticos. Más de 20 tipos de tratamiento han sido utilizados para obtener una respuesta plaquetaria favorable y prolongada. El tratamiento de la PTIc está orientado a inhibir la producción de anticuerpos antiplaquetarios, mediante interferencia del macrófago del sistema retículo endotelial y bloqueo de la respuesta antigénica disminuyendo en consecuencia la amplificación del estimulo inmunológico. Los esteroides tipo glucocorticoides y la esplenectomía constituyen el tratamiento de primera línea, en caso de no obtener respuesta se emplean los inmunosupresores no esteroideos y las inmunoglobulinas tipo IgG o anti-D. Se han reportado también ensayos terapéuticos con medicamentos inmunomoduladores. Recientemente con el advenimiento de nuevos fármacos destinados a estimular la producción plaquetaria en médula ósea, se ha abierto una nueva vía en el tratamiento de la PTIc. No obstante, la esplenectomía permanece aún como el tratamiento más simple, seguro y eficaz en PTIc. El criterio que debe prevalecer para obtener el bienestar del paciente, es que ningún tratamiento en PTIc debe estar enfocado a obtener una cuenta plaquetaria normal, sino a alcanzar niveles hemostáticos seguros con ausencia de manifestaciones hemorrágicas por tiempo prolongado. Inclusive, a pesar de persistir la trombocitopenia, el médico puede optar por mantenerlo sin tratamiento con la sola observación clínica estricta. Finalmente, se debe tomar en cuenta el costo beneficio a la hora de tomar la decisión de tratar estos pacientes, el cual se inclinaría hacia aquellos que proporcionen bajo costo y mínimos efectos secundarios.

Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (cITP) has become a field of multiple therapeutic assays. More than 20 types of treatment have been developed to obtain a favorable and prolonged platelet response. The treatment of cITP is oriented to inhibit the antiplatelet antibodies production by interference with the macrophage of the reticulum endothelial system and a blockade of the antigenic response with a decrease in the amplification of the immunological response. Steroids of the glucocorticoids type and splenectomy constitute the first line of treatment. Failure of these treatments leads to the use of second line drugs such as non steroid immunosupressors and the immunoglobulins type IgG and anti-D. Therapeutic assays with others immunomodulators have been reported. The introduction of new drugs destined to increase the megakaryocytic bone marrow platelet production, has opened a new way to treat the cITP. However, the splenectomy remains as the simplest, safest and most effective treatment in cITP. The principal criteria does not have to be focused on obtaining a normal platelet count, but to reach safe hemostatic levels in absence of hemorrhage, for a prolonged time. On the other hand, despite the persistence of thrombocytopenia, the hematologist can choose to maintain the patient with no treatment and with only a strict clinical observation. It is obvious that the cost-benefit from the different treatments is inclined towards those of lower cost and minimal secondary effects.

Alteraciones hemostáticas en pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal / Hemostatic alterations in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding

Conocer la frecuencia de defectos hemostáticos en mujeres con sangrado uterino anormal. Se estudiaron 55 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 55 años, que presentaban sangrado uterino anormal. En cada paciente se realizó un estudio que comprendió: Historia clínica, examen físico (incluido examen ginecológico), biopsia endometrial, ultrasonograma transvaginal y pélvico y estudio hemostático a través de la determinación de los tiempos de protrombina y de tromboplastina parcial, concentraciones de factor VIII (FVIII), factor von Willebrand (FvW) y IX y agregación plaquetaria con epinefrina, ADP, colágeno y ristocetina. Hospital Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá, e Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela. En todas las mujeres se halló una alteración orgánica, funcional o mixta en el área genital. Los tiempos de coagulación y las concentraciones de los factores estudiados fueron normales con excepción de una paciente cuya concentración de FVIII fue de 0,47U/μL. La agregación plaquetaria mostró alteraciones en el 51,1 por ciento de los casos. La frecuencia de alteraciones de la coagulación en mujeres con sangrado uterino anormal, fue similar a la de la población general, por esta razón no se justifica que todas las pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal, se sometan a un estudio de coagulación; sin embargo, la alta frecuencia de agregación plaquetaria anormal, se debe tomar en cuenta antes de decidir una conducta quirúrgica.

[Relationship of fibrinogen with cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men from Maracaibo, Venezuela]. / Relación del fibrinógeno con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en hombres aparentemente sanos de Maracaibo, Venezuela.

The purpose of this paper was to determine the relationship between fibrinogen concentration and cardiovascular ischaemic risk factors in a group of apparently healthy men from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Two hundred and forty six individuals, ages 31 to 65 years were evaluated by means of clinical and laboratory examination. In each person plasma fibrinogen concentration was measured by coagulometry, serum glucose and lipids by enzymatic methods and insulin by radioimmunoanalysis. 31.7% of subjects had fibrinogen values in the highest tertil of the whole group (> or = 311 mg/dL), they also showed significantly higher values of total cholesterol (p < 0.03) and LDL-C (p < 0.01). In addition, the individuals in this tertil showed a significant and positive correlation between the values of triglycerides with insulin (p < 0.02) and with HOMA-IR (p < 0.01). On the other hand, correlation analysis also showed a positive significant association between the fibrinogen levels and total cholesterol (p < 0.02), dependent of individuals with family history of ischaemic cardiovascular disease (total cholesterol: p < 0.02 and LDL-C: p < 0.003). In consideration of the high concentrations of fibrinogen found in 31.7% of apparently healthy men and their significant positive correlation with total cholesterol and LDL-C, on the group of men with a family history of ischaemic cardiovascular disease, it would be advisable to include the determination of fibrinogen in the cardiovascular evaluation of these particular subjects.

Relación del fibrinógeno con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en hombres aparentemente sanos de Maracaibo Venezuela / Relationship of fibrinogen with cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men from Maracaibo Venezuela

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la relación de las concentraciones de fibrinógeno con factores de riesgo cardiovascular isquémicos en hombres aparentemente sanos de Maracaibo,Venezuela. Se estudiaron 246 hombres aparentemente sanos, con edades entre 31 a 65 años, mediante evaluación médica y de laboratorio. Se determinaron las concentraciones de fibrinógeno por coagulometría, lípidos y glicemia por métodos enzimáticos e insulina por radioinmunoanálisis. El 31,7% se ubicó en el tercil más alto de fibrinógeno (>311 mg/dL) y a su vez presentó valores significativamente superiores de colesterol total (p < 0,03) y de LDL-C (p < 0,01). Además, los individuos ubicados en este tercil mostraron una correlación significativa y positiva entre las concentraciones de triglicéridos y los niveles de insulina (p < 0,02) y HOMA-IR (p < 0,01). Por otra parte, el análisis de correlación demostró también una asociación positiva y significativa entre las concentraciones de fibrinógeno y los niveles de colesterol total (p < 0,02) en el grupo total, a expensas de los sujetos con antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular isquémica (colesterol total: p < 0,02 y LDL-C: p < 0,003). En conclusión, las altas concentraciones de fibrinógeno encontradas en el 31,7% de los hombres aparentemente sanos y la positiva y significativa asociación de esta variable con el colesterol total y las lipoproteínas de baja densidad, en los sujetos con antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular isquémica, hacen aconsejable incluir el estudio del fibrinógeno en la evaluación cardiovascular de estos últimos individuos en particular.

[Frequency and clinical implications of lupus anticoagulant in patients with terminal chronic renal failure in hemodialysis]. / Frecuencia e implicaciones clínicas del Anticoagulante Lúpico en pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Estadio V en Programa de Hemodiálisis en Maracaibo, Venezuela.

The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of lupus anticoagulant (LA), in patients with terminal chronic renal failure (TCRF), and its association with thrombotic events. Sixty three patients were separated into two groups: Group A, consisted of 32 patients under treatment with hemodialysis, and Group B was formed of 31 patients who were treated in a conservative manner. Presence of LA was found in 4 patients from Group A and none from Group B. Seven thrombotic events were registered, all in patients from Group A, and three of the episodes happened in 2 patients with LA, showing a statistically significant difference with LA negative patients from the same Group A (p < 0.001). Three of the LA positive patients suffered from type 2 diabetes and all of them had been under dialysis for less obtained by than 6 months. Vascular access was catheterization which means that 57.1% of patients with this type of procedure were positive for LA. The present results show a strong relationship between the presence of LA and thrombotic episodes in patients with TCRF, under hemodialysis with the use of catheter, instead of a permanent vascular access. Due to the fact that prolonged use of catheters for hemodialysis has been related to positive LA, it is advisable to screen patients under dialysis for the presence of this antibody, and to promote the prompt availability of a permanent vascular access, in order to prevent complications, such as thrombosis.

Frecuencia e implicaciones clínicas del anticoagulante lúpico en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica estadio V en programa de hemodiálisis en Maracaibo Venezuela / Frequency and clinical implications of lupus anticoagulant in patients with terminal chronic renal failure in hemodialysis

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la frecuencia del anticoagulante lúpico (AL) en una población de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) estadio V y su posible asociación con fenómenos trombóticos. Se estudiaron 63 pacientes que se clasificaron en dos (2) grupos: el Grupo A integrado por 32 pacientes con IRC estadio V sometidos a tratamiento de hemodiálisis y el Grupo B constituido por 31 pacientes con IRC en diferentes estadios bajo tratamiento conservador. Se determinó la presencia del AL por medio del método del veneno de v¡bora de Russell diluido. Se encontró AL positivo en cuatro pacientes (12,5 por ciento) del Grupo A y ninguno del Grupo B. Se presentaron siete eventos trombóticos (21,87 por ciento) en el grupo A y ninguno en el grupo B, tres de los eventos corresponden a 2 pacientes con AL positivo. Se estableció una diferencia estadísticamente significante (p < 0,001) entre los pacientes con AL positivo y con AL negativo que mostraron eventos trombóticos sometidos a hemodiálisis. 3 de los 4 pacientes con AL positivo, eran diabéticos y tenían menos de seis meses en hemodiálisis. El acceso vascular de todos los pacientes con AL positivo fue el catéter, representando el 57,1 por ciento de todos los pacientes con ésta forma de acceso vascular. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren la existencia de una relación entre la positividad del AL y la producción de eventos trombóticos en los pacientes con IRC estadio V sometidos a hemodiálisis a través de catéter, por lo que es conveniente determinar el AL en la exploración diagnóstica de los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis, cuyo resultado posibilite la intervención preventiva o terapéutica adecuada a cada caso así como promover la confección precoz del acceso vascular permanente para hemodiálisis y evitar el uso prolongado de los accesos vasculares transitorios (catéter).