ABSTRACT
The Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 1974, 1978) for scoring Rorschach responses is the most widely taught and most widely accepted system in use today. The complexity and labor- intensive nature of the CS makes the issue of scoring accuracy a central concern. Twenty-one graduate psychology students and 12 professionals scored 20 Rorschach responses drawn from normal and clinical protocols. In general. accuracy scores for both students and professionals were below acceptable levels. Accuracy scores were clearly better for the code categories of Location, DQ, Pairs, Popular, and Z than for Determinants, FQ, Content, and Special Scores. Responses from clinical protocols were subject to more error. The results suggest that high levels of scoring errors may exist in the field use of the CS. Training standards may need to be devised to insure scoring competence.
Subject(s)
Research Design/statistics & numerical data , Rorschach Test/statistics & numerical data , Students/psychology , Clinical Competence/statistics & numerical data , Education, Graduate , Education, Professional , HumansABSTRACT
The characteristics of Roman Catholic women in today's society were investigated. Subjects were 154 Catholic women, both religious and lay, who participated on a volunteer basis. The Catholic lay women (111) were divided into two groups: those who attended a Catholic elementary school (63) and those who attended a non-Catholic elementary school (48). Catholic women religious were found to be more dominant and independent minded than in previous research. All of the women studied were found to be more aggressive and more critical of authority than in previous studies. Likewise, Catholic women no longer see themselves in the role of nurturers.
ABSTRACT
Recent formulations of rational-emotive theory posit a four-factor stylistic model of irrational thinking. These factors include Demandingness, Awfulizing, I-Can't-Stand-It-Itis, and Self-Damnation. This study involved a semantic analysis of 16 linguistic variates hypothesized by Ellis and Dryden (1987) and frequently used in clinical practice to represent the four factors. Four variations of a 6-point, Likert-type questionnaire were developed to tap the four factors and the linguistic variates. Subjects were 260 university students and 150 clinical patients, who completed either all four variations (one variation every 2 weeks over a 6-week period) or a single variation only. Confirmatory factor analyses generally failed to support the four-factor model. Exploratory factor analyses suggested that a general factor of irrationality may exist in clinical populations.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/psychology , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Thinking , Verbal Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Affective Symptoms/diagnosis , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Defense Mechanisms , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Psychometrics , Reference Values , Self ConceptABSTRACT
A test consistency and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the Survey of Personal Beliefs, a new measure of irrational thinking based on rational-emotive personality theory. The survey, which was logically derived, includes a general rationality factor and subscales measuring five hypothesized core categories of irrational beliefs. Subjects included a nonclinical sample of 130 men and 150 women, with a mean age of 46. Results indicated that the Survey of Personal Beliefs had satisfactory total and scale reliability. The confirmatory analyses supported a higher order factor model including 5 first-order factors ( awfulizing, self-directed shoulds, other-directed shoulds, low frustration tolerance, and self-worth) and 1 second-order or general factor.
