A comparison of the simplified olecranon and digital methods of assessment of skeletal maturity during the pubertal growth spurt.

Assessment of skeletal age is important in children's orthopaedics. We compared two simplified methods used in the assessment of skeletal age. Both methods have been described previously with one based on the appearance of the epiphysis at the olecranon and the other on the digital epiphyses. We also investigated the influence of assessor experience on applying these two methods. Our investigation was based on the anteroposterior left hand and lateral elbow radiographs of 44 boys (mean: 14.4; 12.4 to 16.1 ) and 78 girls (mean: 13.0; 11.1 to14.9) obtained during the pubertal growth spurt. A total of nine observers examined the radiographs with the observers assigned to three groups based on their experience (experienced, intermediate and novice). These raters were required to determined skeletal ages twice at six-week intervals. The correlation between the two methods was determined per assessment and per observer groups. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) evaluated the reproducibility of the two methods. The overall correlation between the two methods was r = 0.83 for boys and r = 0.84 for girls. The correlation was equal between first and second assessment, and between the observer groups (r ≥ 0.82). There was an equally strong ICC for the assessment effect (ICC ≤ 0.4%) and observer effect (ICC ≤ 3%) for each method. There was no significant (p < 0.05) difference between the levels of experience. The two methods are equally reliable in assessing skeletal maturity. The olecranon method offers detailed information during the pubertal growth spurt, while the digital method is as accurate but less detailed, making it more useful after the pubertal growth spurt once the olecranon has ossified.

Is there a link between osteofibrous dysplasia and adamantinoma?

Because of the relative frequency of osteofibrous dysplasia (OFD) and the gravity of adamantinoma, it is important to know whether there is a link between these two entities. A young boy had been followed from the age of 5 years for OFD of the right tibia. At the age of 10, biopsy performed because of pain, revealed OFD-like adamantinoma. Surgery was undertaken, with en bloc proximal tibial resection of 14 cm and reconstruction by free vascularized fibula and internal fixation. This observation illustrates the risk of evolution of OFD-like adamantinoma, showing the same unfavorable evolution as classic adamantinoma. Strict surveillance is mandatory in OFD, with systematic biopsy in case of onset of pain or increased tumor volume.

[Congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm. Report of two cases and review of the literature]. / Pseudarthrose congénitale de l'avant-bras. A propos de deux cas et revue de la littérature.

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm represents a rare entity which is often associated with neurofibromatosis type I. Isolated pseudarthrosis of the ulna is the most frequent deformity, followed by pseudarthrosis of the radius and both forearm bones. The treatment of these deformities remains difficult: conventional bone grafts rarely lead to complete fusion. The reconstruction by a vascularized fibular graft represents the treatment of choice if the radial head is not dislocated. This procedure allows restoration of a balance between radius and ulna during growth. The presence of a vascularized graft enhances the potential for bony fusion in a fibrous environment. In cases of isolated ulna pseudarthrosis, a luxation of the proximal radial epiphysis may occur when the ulnar deformity increases with time. The single-bone forearm represents a salvage procedure that creates a stable upper limb with a satisfactory wrist and elbow function. The two clinical cases of a pseudarthrosis of both forearm bones and of an ulna pseudarthrosis are presented.

Volumetric thoracic growth in children with moderate and severe scoliosis compared to subjects without spinal deformity.

Idiopathic scoliosis leads to a three-dimensional thoracic deformity. The purpose of this study is to measure thoracic dimensions and volume related to growth and to verify the influence of moderate and severe scoliosis. 176 children (36 boys, 140 girls; 4-16 years) with scoliosis <45 degrees and 17 patients (2 boys, 15 girls) with scoliosis >65 degrees were compared to 239 children without spinal deformity (97 boys, 142 girls) using an optical system. Thoracic volume, perimeter, anterior-posterior and transversal diameters, T1-T12 and sternal lengths were calculated. These measurements were related to age and sitting height. Thoracic volume (3-16 dm(3)) did not differ significantly over growth between reference and moderate scoliosis groups. At 4 years, it represents 33%, at 10 years it represents 55% of its volume compared with age 16. It triples from 4-16 years and doubles during puberty. In severe scoliosis, the age related thoracic volume was always lower than volumes in reference and moderate scoliosis groups. During growth, the transversal diameter corresponds to 30%, the anterior-posterior diameter represents 20% and the thoracic perimeter 100% of sitting height. In severe lordoscoliosis the anterior-posterior diameter represents less than 20%. Scoliosis <45 degrees does not influence thoracic volume significantly. Severe deformities seem to inhibit volumetric growth. Thoracic parameters should be related to growth parameters such as sitting height rather than age because of possible height variations in one age section. The established relationships offer a reliable orientation of thoracic proportions. They help to understand the global deformity and represent a baseline for surgical treatment using vertical expandable prosthetic titanium ribs.

[Selective dorsal T1-T6 fusion of the thoracic spine and effects on thorax growth: experimental study in prepuberal New Zealand White rabbits]. / Influence de l'arthrodèse vertébrale dorsale sélective T1-T6 sur la croissance thoracique: étude expérimentale chez des lapins New Zealand White prépubertaires.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to assess the consequences brought by selective dorsal arthrodesis of thoracic spine (T1-T6) to the growth of spine and thoracic volume in operated and sham-operated New Zealand White rabbits, between prepubertal age and the end of somatic growth, through the study of computerised tomography (CT) scans periodically carried out on them after arthrodesis surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine female rabbits were subjected to surgery for selective dorsal arthrodesis of the upper thoracic spine and three were sham-operated. Surgery was performed at age nine weeks, before the onset of puberty. Two "C"-shaped titanium bars were placed beside the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae to obtain a selective posterior arthrodesis of the first six thoracic vertebrae. Under general anesthesia, three CT scans were performed, 10 (t1), 55 (t2) and 139 (t3) days after surgery. Measures were obtained by Myrian Pro software for three different groups: group 1 with complete fusion, group 2 with incomplete fusion, group 3 sham-operated. RESULTS: The total dorsal and ventral lengths of thoracic vertebral bodies in the spinal segment T1-T6 was smaller in group 1 and group 2 than in group 3, whereas no differences were observed between the three groups in the T7-T12 segment. The average of the dorsoventral/laterolateral thoracic diameter ratio at fused levels was less than 1 in group 1 as well as in group 2; on the contrary, in group 3 it was greater than 1. The sternum and lung volume grow less. CONCLUSIONS: Vertebral arthrodesis in the treatment of progressive idiopathic scoliosis in prepubertal patients is not ideal, but is still a choice in treating major deformities of the spine. Postoperative assessment of spinal deformity is essential, feasible and recordable through CT scans. Dorsal arthrodesis in prepubertal rabbits changes thoracic growth patterns. In operated rabbits, the dorsoventral thoracic diameter grows more slowly than the laterolateral thoracic diameter. The sternum, the total lengths of thoracic vertebral bodies in the spinal segment T1-T6 and lungs grow less. The Crankshaft phenomenon is evident at the fused vertebral levels where there is a reduction of thoracic kyphosis.

Perthes' disease: prognosis in children under six years of age.

Children presenting with Perthes' disease before their sixth birthday are considered to have a good prognosis. We describe 166 hips in children in this age group. The mean age at onset of the disease was 44 months (22 to 72). Mild forms (Catterall I and II) were treated conservatively and severe forms (Catterall III and IV) either conservatively or operatively. The aim of the former treatment was to restrict weight-bearing. Operative treatment consisted of innominate osteotomy and was indicated by a Conway type-B appearance on the bone scan. All the patients were followed to skeletal maturity with a mean follow-up of 11 years (8 to 15). The end results were evaluated radiologically using the classifications of Stulberg and Mose. A total of 50 hips were Catterall grade-I or grade-II, 65 Catterall grade-III and 51 Catterall grade-IV. All hips with mild disease had a good result at skeletal maturity. Of the hips with severe disease 78 (67.3%) had good (Stulberg I and II), 26 (22.4%) fair (Stulberg III) and 12 (10.3%) poor results (Stulberg IV and V). Of the Catterall grade-III hips 38 were treated conservatively of which 31 (81.6%) had a good result, six (15.8%) a fair and one (2.6%) a poor result. Operative treatment was carried out on 27 Catterall grade-III hips, of which 21 (77.8%) had a good, four (14.8%) a fair and two (7.4%) a poor result. By comparison conservative treatment of 19 Catterall grade-IV hips led to ten (52.7%) good, seven (36.8%) fair and two (10.5%) poor results. Operative treatment was carried out on 32 Catterall grade-IV hips, of which 16 (50.0%) had a good, nine (28.1%) a fair and seven (21.9%) a poor result. We confirm that the prognosis in Perthes' disease is generally good when the age at onset is less than six years. In severe disease there is no significant difference in outcome after conservative or operative treatment (p > 0.05). Catterall grade-III hips had a better outcome according to the Stulberg and Mose criteria than Catterall grade-IV hips, regardless of the method of treatment.

Luxación congénita de cadera. Políticas de prevención en el mundo. Revisión de la bibliografía y experiencia personal / Congenital dislocation of the hip. Preventative policies in the world. Review of the literature and personal experience

Se analizan los diferentes programas de detección y prevención de la luxación congénita de cadera (LCC). Revisando la bibliografía puede concluirse que en la detección precoz de la LCC deben involucrarse todos los estamentos sanitarios para dar información. La prevención es más efectiva cuando se apoya en una exploración clínica bien hecha, metódica y periódica en las maternidades. Por eso, cuando los resultados del examen clínico sean sospechosos, anormales o ambiguos, o haya factores de riesgo evidentes, la ecografía será necesaria. Conviene recordar que la mayoría de las caderas luxadas no presentan factores de riesgo

Different programs for detecting and preventing developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). By analyzing the literature on may conclude that early detection of DDH should involve information from all branches of the health-care system. Prevention is more effective when based upon a conscientious, methodical and periodical clinical examination performed in the maternity ward. When the results of the said examination are suspect, abnormal or ambiguous, or when there are obvious risk factors, an ultrasound becomes necessary. It should be remembered that the majority of dislocated hips do not present with risk factors

Use of Integra in a paediatric upper extremity degloving injury.

Dermal substitutes such as Integra have been used in surgery since 1981. This product was developed to cover large skin burns but it may have a role in reconstructive upper limb surgery. In upper extremity avulsion, the choice of skin cover depends on many variables. Dermal substitute is an alternative when split-thickness skin grafting is appropriate. We present a case of severe upper limb avulsion, or 'degloving', in a child of 9 years old which was treated successfully with Integra. Integra is particulary useful in growing children to cover large skin losses.

[Early functional treatment of congenital clubfoot]. / Frühfunktionelle Behandlung des angeborenen Klumpfusses.

The concept of conservative clubfoot treatment beginning in the neonatal period has changed considerably in the last 2 decades. The rate of clubfeet requiring surgery (20%) and the extent of surgical interventions have dropped significantly. The early functional Montpellier method has proved to be highly effective for all degrees of deformity. It is used for patients from birth until the age of 1 year. The treatment during the first 3 months of life is decisive and consists of daily physical therapy, use of a continuous passive motion machine, and taping. This method represents an efficient alternative to the popular treatment of serial casting. Nevertheless, conservative clubfoot treatment reaches its limits as the degree of deformity increases and it should be complemented by a selective minimally invasive surgical concept. The technique is described systematically and its current value is discussed.

Pie zambo: revisión de los tratamientos actuales / The clubfoot: an overview of current procedures

Introducción. El pie zambo idiopático es un diagnóstico de exclusión, similar al de la escoliosis idiopática, que requiere antes de definirlo la búsqueda de una causa. Exploración. La evaluación clínica no debe limitarse a una simple exploración ortopédica, sino que también debe incluir una exploración pediátrica completa, evaluando la edad mental del paciente, buscando posibles anomalías del tubo neural o trastornos vertebrales, descartar cualquier forma de presentación de patología neurológica, como miopatías congénitas o incluso una mínima artrogriposis, además de explorar cuidadosamente la cara y las manos. Diagnóstico. Recomendamos practicar ecografías para explorar la médula espinal, la situación del encéfalo, del corazón, etc. Algunas patologías pueden diagnosticarse de forma secundaria. Además, la rigidez del retropié podría sugerir una sinostosis neonatal encubierta. Tratamiento. Hay que valorar correctamente el pie tras el nacimiento. El tratamiento se considera una urgencia donde cada día cuenta. La ayuda y cooperación de los padres son esenciales. No es recomendable seguir con el tratamiento ortopédico una vez deja de producir mejoría, siendo necesario entonces la cirugía. Para ser un experto en su rehabilitación es imprescindible conocer la fisiopatología del pie zambo. La rehabilitación se debe adaptar al desarrollo psicomotriz del lactante. El médico rehabilitador ocupa un papel primordial, y debe cooperar con los padres y formar parte de un equipo multidisciplinar, refiriendo al cirujano cualquier problema o bloqueo que aparezca durante la rehabilitación. Recomendamos encarecidamente la presencia del rehabilitador en quirófano para conocer la importancia de las retracciones fibrosas. Para poder especializarse en este campo es necesario formarse de manera continuada. La imagen del movimiento es de mucha utilidad para conocer la fisiopatología y evolución con los tratamientos de cada pie; sin olvidar que la cirugía es una fase integrada del tratamiento que se ha de prolongar durante todo el período de crecimiento (AU)

Introduction. Idiopathic clubfoot, like idiopathic scoliosis, is an exclusion diagnosis, which requires the identification of a cause before it can be defined. Examination. Clinical assessment should not be limited to a simple orthopedic examination – it should also include a full pediatric examination, in the course of which the mental age of the patient should be determined and possible neural tube defects and vertebral disorders should be sought without excluding the existence of any type of neurological pathology like a congenital myopathy or even a mild arthrogriposis. The patient’s face and hands should also be meticulously examined Diagnosis. We recommend that ultrasounds should be performed to explore the spinal cord, the condition of the brain, the heart, etc. as some pathologies tend to be detected incidentally. In addition, rearfoot rigidity could suggest an “undercover” neonatal synostosis. Treatment. The foot should be correctly assessed upon birth. Treatment of this pathology is an emergency and each day counts. Parents’ help and involvement cannot be overemphasized. It is not advisable to carry on with orthopedic treatment once it ceases to improve the patients’ condition. At this point, surgery becomes necessary. In order to become an expert in clubfoot rehabilitation, it is imperative to understand the condition’s physiopathology. The rehabilitation program should be adapted to the infant’s psychomotor development. The rehab physician, whose role is of paramount importance, should actively cooperate with the patient’s parents and participate in a multi-disciplinary team, immediately reporting to the surgeon any problem or blockage that may arise during the rehabilitation process. We strongly recommend that the rehab physician should be in attendance at the OR during surgery so that they can understand the importance of fibrous retractions. In order to become a specialist in this field, comprehensive training is necessary. Images of the moving foot are extremely useful in order to become acquainted with the phyisiopathology of the limb and to understand what results can be achieved with treatment. Of course it should not be forgotten that surgery is an integral part of the patient’s treatment, which should last throughout their growing phase (AU)

[Skeletal age determination from the elbow during pubertal growth]. / Skelettaltersbestimmung am Ellbogen während des pubertären Wachstums.

The Sauvegrain et al. method of assessing skeletal age from elbow radiographs is useful during the 2 years of the pubertal growth spurt: between 11 and 13 years in girls and between 13 and 15 years in boys. This method uses four ossification centers of the elbow: lateral condyle, trochlea, olecranon apophysis, and proximal radial epiphysis. It is based on a 27-point scoring system. The scores of these structures are summed, a total score is determined, and a graph is then used to determine the skeletal age. This simple, reliable, and reproducible method complements the Greulich and Pyle atlas, which does not allow assessment of skeletal age in 6-month intervals during the phase of accelerating growth velocity. In clinical practice, maturity can best be evaluated by associating skeletal age, annual growth rate, and Tanner stages. Skeletal age assessment from the elbow is useful to plan the timing of epiphysiodesis in limb length inequality or to evaluate the progression risk of idiopathic scoliosis.

[Knee arthroscopy in children]. / Arthroscopie du genou de l'enfant.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Between 1990 and 1998, 110 knee arthroscopies were performed in children. We analyzed the epidemiology and diagnostic data and studied the correlation between clinical and radiographic findings and the final diagnosis after arthroscopy in order to establish a consensus on use of knee arthroscopy in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We made a retrospective analysis of 110 knee arthroscopies performed in children, classing the patients in three age groups: 0-5 years, 5-10 years, 10-17 years. Clinical and radiological findings were compared with the arthroscopy findings. RESULTS: One or more arthroscopies were performed in 56 boys and 48 girls. Mean age at the time of the procedure was 12 years 4 months. There were 11 children aged 0-5 years, 14 aged 5-10 years and 85 aged 10-17 years. The main pathology was arthritis in the 0-5 year and 5-10 year age groups. Trauma was more frequent in the older children. Knee arthroscopy was found to be normal in 19 cases. DISCUSSION: For most surgery teams, arthroscopy is indicated for arthritis of the knee. Arthroscopy may also be needed for hemarthrosis. In these contexts, arthroscopy is both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Our analysis demonstrates that emergency arthroscopy is only warranted for free floating osteochondral fractures and fractures of the tibial articular surfaces, with the exception of the tibial spines. Arthroscopy may be performed later in other cases after careful physical examination and radiographic series. We had 19 normal arthroscopies and 10 that showed femoropatellar chondropathies and plicas that could explain knee pain. We recommend arthrography before arthroscopy to avoid unnecessary procedures. CONCLUSION: Arthritis of the knee is an excellent indication for arthroscopy. Painful and acute hemarthrosis requires attentive physical exams and x-rays before making the decision for surgery.

[Fibrocartilaginous dysplasia and tibia vara in young children: presentation of 3 new cases with spontaneous resolution and review of the literature]. / Dysplasie fibrocartilagineuse focale et tibia vara unilatéral du jeune enfant: présentation de 3 nouveaux cas à résolution spontanée et revue de la littérature.

Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia is a rare and benign condition associated with unilateral tibia vara in toddlers. Three additional cases are reported in children aged 17, 18 and 26 months with spontaneous resolution. The authors discuss, based on a meta-analysis, the natural history of the disorder and review the diagnostic and pathophysiological problems. Since spontaneous remodeling of varus angulation and healing of the bony defect can be expected, biopsy and surgical intervention should be avoided.

[Assessment of carpal bone maturation by imaging: an alternative to bone age determination or a complementary study?]. / L'évaluation de la maturation des os du carpe par analyse d'image: une alternative à l'âge osseux ou un outil complémentaire?

Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation with or without automated systems relies on the comparison between the radiographic appearance of portions of a child's skeleton and the standardized appearance in a comparable population of children. Assessment of skeletal maturation using image analysis of wrist computerized-assisted tomography is a quantitative method allowing for measurements of the volume of each carpal bone, the axis of inertia, and the mean bone density. Morphological modifications of carpal bones are characterized by quantitative data relating to the length of the axis of inertia and the volume. Imaging is a potentially useful method for carpal bone assessment during growth.

Carpal bone maturation assessment by image analysis from computed tomography scans.

Bone maturation is the only reliable indicator of growth and its radiologic assessment with or without automated systems is a qualitative method. Image processing allows the study of bone maturation with quantitative data. Carpal bone maturation was studied in 20 children (13 boys and 7 girls, ages ranging from 4 to 15 years) without any clinical evidence of endocrine disease by image analysis from computed tomography (CT) scans. Each wrist CT scan was processed in order to extract the carpal bones and to measure quantitative data regarding volume, axes of inertia and density for each bone. The volumes and the length of the inertia axes were significantly correlated with age. Whatever the age, there were strong correlations between the volume or the length of the main inertia axis of one carpal bone and that of all others. The decrease in the carpal bone volume measured from the processing procedure compared with the theoretical volume of bone defined from the length of the three inertia axes indicated a change in bone shape during growth. Although the mean density was constant, there was an increase in the standard deviation of density with age. Skeletal maturity assessment with image analysis from CT scans seems to be a good complementary investigation to determine bone age in children.

[Fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia in children. Apropos of 25 cases with a 1-20 year follow up]. / Fractures de l'éminence intercondylaire du tibia de l'enfant. A propos de 25 cas avec un recul de 1 à 20 ans.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: This study tries to clarify the diagnostic strategy in intercondylar eminence fractures of the tibia and aids the deduction of therapeutic options based on the analysis of the long-term morbidity of anterior laxity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective, monocentric study of 25 children with a mean age of 11.8 years (7-15 years) was performed with an average follow-up of 7.2 years (1-20 years). Fractures are itemized with Meyers-McKeever modified by Zaricznyj and Zifko-Gaudernak classifications. Conservative treatment (16 patients) consisted of hemarthrosis aspiration, ligament examination, manipulation into extension and cast immobilization under general anesthesia. Surgical treatment (9 patients) consisted of wire suture fixation (4 times), wire suture fixation held by a screw (3 times) and direct screw fixation (2 times). Four patients were lost to follow-up. Patients were evaluated with the Lysholm (21 patients) and IKDC (15 patients) scores systems. Anterior laxity was checked with a KT-1000 arthrometer. Antero-posterior and lateral X-rays were performed. The statistical analysis was carried out with Mann-Whitney and Fischer tests. RESULTS: There are 18 good or very good results and only 3 medium with the Lysholm score and 5 knees graded A, 9 graded B and 1 graded C with the IKDC score. Mean anterior laxity is 1.86 mm (0 to 4 mm) after conservative treatment and 1.5 mm (-1 to 4 mm) after operative treatment. 5 patients have an anterior laxity and only 2 an anterior instability. No arthritic lesions, 1 nonunion, and 11 malunions have been observed, mainly after conservative treatment. DISCUSSION: Ligament examination under general anesthesia is useless for displaced fractures and dangerous for those were not displaced. Diagnostic arthroscopy is not yet allowed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is useful to explore osteochondral fractures and symptomatic meniscal lesions. Laxity is the consequence of anterior cruciate ligament elongation. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of these fractures rests on a simple radio-clinical examination to determinate the exact position, the displacement and the size of the osteochondral fragment in order to choose the best treatment. Conservative treatment will be chosen preferentially because of a poor long-term morbidity. Treatment will be surgical, preferably arthroscopic, in the others cases.

Bilateral Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: different from unilateral disease?

Twenty-five patients or 50 hips with bilateral Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease were reviewed at skeletal maturity in the orthopaedic departments of Leuven, Belgium, and Montpellier, France. The two groups were very similar as to age at onset of the disease, severity of involvement, and classification at skeletal maturity. The results seem to indicate that bilateral disease runs a more severe course as compared with unilateral Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Eighty percent presented with a Catterall group III and IV and Herring classification B and C. Forty-eight percent rated as Stulberg 4 and 5 at skeletal maturity.