Atrial fibrillation in the presence and absence of heart failure enhances expression of genes involved in cardiomyocyte structure, conduction properties, fibrosis, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about genome-wide changes in the atrial transcriptome as a cause or consequence of atrial fibrillation (AF), and the effect of its common and clinically relevant comorbidity-heart failure (HF). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore candidate disease processes for AF by investigating gene expression changes in atrial tissue samples from patients with and without AF, stratified by HF. METHODS: RNA sequencing was performed in right and left atrial appendage tissue in 195 patients undergoing open heart surgery from centers participating in the CATCH-ME consortium (no history of AF, n = 91; paroxysmal AF, n = 53; persistent/permanent AF, n = 51). Analyses were stratified into patients with/without HF (n = 75/120) and adjusted for age, sex, atrial side, and a combination of clinical characteristics. RESULTS: We identified 35 genes associated with persistent AF compared to patients without a history of AF, both in the presence or absence of HF (false discovery rate <0.05). These were mostly novel associations, including 13 long noncoding RNAs. Genes were involved in regulation of cardiomyocyte structure, conduction properties, fibrosis, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Gene set enrichment analysis identified mainly inflammatory gene sets to be enriched in AF patients without HF, and gene sets involved in cellular respiration in AF patients with HF. CONCLUSION: Analysis of atrial gene expression profiles identified numerous novel genes associated with persistent AF, in the presence or absence of HF. Interestingly, no consistent transcriptional changes were associated with paroxysmal AF, suggesting that AF-induced changes in gene expression predominate other changes.

Dynamic risk assessment to improve quality of care in patients with atrial fibrillation: the 7th AFNET/EHRA Consensus Conference.

AIMS: The risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) and its complications continues to increase, despite good progress in preventing AF-related strokes. METHODS AND RESULTS: This article summarizes the outcomes of the 7th Consensus Conference of the Atrial Fibrillation NETwork (AFNET) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) held in Lisbon in March 2019. Sixty-five international AF specialists met to present new data and find consensus on pressing issues in AF prevention, management and future research to improve care for patients with AF and prevent AF-related complications. This article is the main outcome of an interactive, iterative discussion between breakout specialist groups and the meeting plenary. AF patients have dynamic risk profiles requiring repeated assessment and risk-based therapy stratification to optimize quality of care. Interrogation of deeply phenotyped datasets with outcomes will lead to a better understanding of the cardiac and systemic effects of AF, interacting with comorbidities and predisposing factors, enabling stratified therapy. New proposals include an algorithm for the acute management of patients with AF and heart failure, a call for a refined, data-driven assessment of stroke risk, suggestions for anticoagulation use in special populations, and a call for rhythm control therapy selection based on risk of AF recurrence. CONCLUSION: The remaining morbidity and mortality in patients with AF needs better characterization. Likely drivers of the remaining AF-related problems are AF burden, potentially treatable by rhythm control therapy, and concomitant conditions, potentially treatable by treating these conditions. Identifying the drivers of AF-related complications holds promise for stratified therapy.

Thyroid and colorectal cancer screening in acromegaly patients: should it be different from that in the general population?

The literature on an association between acromegaly and cancer is particularly abundant on either colorectal cancer or thyroid cancer, and an endless debate is ongoing whether patients with acromegaly should be submitted to specific oncology screening and surveillance protocols. The aim of the present work is to review the most recent data on the risk of either colorectal cancer or thyroid cancer in acromegaly and discuss the opportunity for specific screening in relation to the accepted procedures in the general population.

GEOFFREY HARRIS AWARD 2019: Translational research in pituitary tumours.

Although effective treatment regimens (surgical resection, drug treatment with dopamine agonists or somatostatin analogues, radiotherapy) have been established for the therapy of most pituitary tumours, a considerable proportion of affected patients cannot completely cured due to incomplete resection or drug resistance. Moreover, even if hormone levels have been normalized, patients with hormone-secreting tumours still show persistent pathophysiological alterations in metabolic, cardiovascular or neuropsychiatric parameters and have an impaired quality of life. In this review reasons for the discrepancy between biochemical cure and incomplete recovery from tumour-associated comorbidities are discussed and the clinical management is delineated exemplarily for patients with acromegaly and Cushing's disease. In view of the development of additional treatment concepts for the treatment of pituitary adenomas we speculate about the relevance of RSUME as a potential target for the development of an anti-angiogenic therapy. Moreover, the role of BMP-4 which stimulates prolactinoma development through the Smad signalling cascade is described and its role as putative drug target for the treatment of prolactinomas is discussed. Regarding the well-known resistance of a part of somatotropinomas to somatostatin analogue treatment, recently identified mechanisms responsible for the drug resistance are summarized and ways to overcome them in future treatment concepts are presented. Concerning novel therapeutic options for patients with Cushing's disease the impact of retinoic acid, which is currently tested in clinical studies, is shown, and the action and putative therapeutic impact of silibinin to resolve glucocorticoid resistance in these patients is critically discussed.

"The Adrenal Gland: Central Relay in Health and Disease - Current Challenges and Perspectives 2018" - Cushing's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approach, Cushing's disease (CD) presents a challenging situation for the treating physician. AIMS: To elucidate current challenges, present strengths and pitfalls of existing diagnostic tests, enlighten the need for new diagnostic approaches, appraise the effects of surgery and available pharmacological agents and identify future perspectives regarding CD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic search to PubMed and Medline databases for publications mainly over the last five years. RESULTS: Mutations in the ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 gene have been recently identified in functional sporadic corticotroph adenomas causing CD. Since the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing, new diagnostic tests are necessary to differentiate these conditions. Next to the traditional tests, a cutoff of preoperative ACTH/cortisol ratio, an ultrasensitive late night salivary cortisol assay and the desmopressin test have been suggested as valid tools for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CD. Transsphenoidal surgery with variable remission and recurrence rates presents the treatment of choice for CD. Medical therapy consists of adrenal-targeted drugs e. g. ketoconazole, metyrapone, etomidate and mitotane and pituitary-targeted drugs e. g. pasireotide, cabergoline and retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS: CD is associated to a significant clinical burden, since numerous comorbidities persist after long-term biochemical control. These chronically ill patients show an increased mortality despite disease remission. Clinicians should treat comorbidities aggressively and seek for appropriate consultations. Structured consultation hours and expert excellence networks are needed in order to allow optimal, individualized care for affected patients, reverse increased morbidity and mortality and identify tumor recurrence early.

The USP8 mutational status may predict long-term remission in patients with Cushing's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Almost half of the cases of Cushing's disease (CD) tumours carry recurrent activating somatic mutations in the ubiquitin-specific protease eight gene (USP8). The USP8 mutational status could predict remission in patients with CD, so our objective was to correlate the presence of somatic USP8 mutations with the rate of recurrence after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) retrospectively. DESIGN: Biochemical, radiological and clinical data were retrospectively assessed in 48 patients. USP8 mutational status was determined from corticotroph tumour samples. Association between USP8 mutational status, remission and recurrence was investigated. PATIENTS: Patients with Cushing's disease from a single-centre cohort who underwent TSS between 1991 and 2012. MEASUREMENTS: Long-term remission and recurrence rate after TSS with at least 6 months follow-up. Biochemical, radiological and clinical data, including sex, age at diagnosis, tumour size and pre-operative hormonal levels. USP8 mutational status. RESULTS: Patients with USP8 mutant corticotroph tumours (18 of 48; 37%) were diagnosed significantly earlier (mean ± SD 46 ± 10 years vs 53 ± 11 years; P = 0.028) and presented with higher pre-operative 24-hour urinary-free cortisol levels (median IQR µg/24 hours 1174.0, 1184.5 vs 480.0, 405.3; P = 0.045). The incidence of recurrence in a 10-year follow-up was significantly higher in patients with USP8 mutant tumours after the initial remission (58% vs 18% P = 0.026). Recurrence appeared significantly earlier in these patients (months 70, 44-97 95% CI vs 102, 86-119 95% CI; P = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Recurrence appears to be more frequent and earlier after TSS in patients with USP8 mutant corticotroph tumours.

The complex association between metabolic syndrome and male hypogonadism.

BACKGROUND: The complex association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and male hypogonadism is well established. A number of observational studies show that low testosterone is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for diabetes mellitus and MetS in men. AIMS: To elucidate the association between MetS and male hypogonadism, present epidemiological data on the co-existence of the two comorbidities, enlighten the underlying pathophysiology and appraise the effects of testosterone supplementation therapy (TTh) and lifestyle modifications on MetS and body composition in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic search to PubMed and Medline databases for publications reporting data on association between MetS and male hypogonadism. RESULTS: Both MetS and male hypogonadism have a high prevalence in the general population and are frequently co-existing e.g. in males with diabetes. Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggests that MetS is involved in the pathogenesis of hypogonadism in males as well as the other way around. On the other hand, there is evidence for a favorable effect of testosterone supplementation in testosterone deficient men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: Studies with superior methodological characteristics are needed in order to establish a role for testosterone supplementation in men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus.

Design of the Growth hormone deficiency and Efficacy of Treatment (GET) score and non-interventional proof of concept study.

BACKGROUND: The adverse effects of growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in adults (AGHD) on metabolism and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) can be improved with GH substitution. This investigation aimed to design a score summarising the features of GHD and evaluate its ability to measure the effect of GH substitution in AGHD. METHODS: The Growth hormone deficiency and Efficacy of Treatment (GET) score (0-100 points) assessed (weighting): HRQoL (40%), disease-related days off work (10%), bone mineral density (20%), waist circumference (10%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10%) and body fat mass (10%). A prospective, non-interventional, multicentre proof-of-concept study investigated whether the score could distinguish between untreated and GH-treated patients with AGHD. A 10-point difference in GET score during a 2-year study period was expected based on pre-existing knowledge of the effect of GH substitution in AGHD. RESULTS: Of 106 patients eligible for analysis, 22 were untreated GHD controls (9 females, mean ± SD age 52 ± 17 years; 13 males, 57 ± 13 years) and 84 were GH-treated (31 females, age 45 ± 13 years, GH dose 0.30 ± 0.16 mg/day; 53 males, age 49 ± 15 years, GH dose 0.25 ± 0.10 mg/day). Follow-up was 706 ± 258 days in females and 653 ± 242 days in males. The GET score differed between the untreated control and treated groups with a least squares mean difference of + 10.01 ± 4.01 (p = 0.0145). CONCLUSIONS: The GET score appeared to be a suitable integrative instrument to summarise the clinical features of GHD and measure the effects of GH substitution in adults. Exercise capacity and muscle strength/body muscle mass could be included in the GET score. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT number: NCT00934063 . Date of registration: 02 July 2009.

Gender-, age- and time-dependent dosing of growth hormone in adults - real-world data from a decade of clinical practice in Germany.

We evaluated treatment patterns and gender-dependent dosing of growth hormone (GH) substitution in adults with GH deficiency (AGHD). Data on GH dose were collected (2003-2013) from 509 GH-treated patients (mean age: 48.9 years; 47% female) enroled in the observational German NordiWin study (NCT01543880). The impact of gender, age, treatment duration and calendar year on GH treatment patterns was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Mean (SD) baseline GH dose (mg/day) was similar between females (0.25 [0.19] and males (0.24 [0.15]), but increased with treatment duration (at year 10, 0.55 [0.48] and 0.31 [0.09] in females and males, respectively), reflecting patient dose titration. GH dose increased more in females than males during treatment; this was statistically significant in years 2-6 (p < 0.05). Over the 10-year study period, a time trend of an overall estimated GH dose increase by 0.06 mg/day (females) and decrease by 0.07 mg/day (males) was shown; this interaction of gender and calendar year was significant (p < 0.0001). In both genders, overall GH dose decreased with increasing age (p < 0.0001). Our study confirms that females and younger patients require higher GH doses compared with males and older patients.

Persistence of myopathy in Cushing's syndrome: evaluation of the German Cushing's Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cushing's syndrome (CS) is characterized by an excessive secretion of glucocorticoids that results in a characteristic clinical phenotype. One feature of clinical hypercortisolism is breakdown of protein metabolism translating into clinical consequences including glucocorticoid-induced myopathy. While surgery is effective in control of cortisol excess, the effect of biochemical remission on muscular function is yet unclear. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study we analyzed 47 patients with CS during the florid phase (ActiveCS). 149 additional patients were studied 2-53 years (mean: 13 years) after surgery in biochemical long-term remission (RemissionCS). Also, 93 rule-out CS patients were used as controls (CON). All subjects were assessed for grip strength using a hand grip dynamometer and underwent the chair rising test (CRT). RESULTS: Hand grip strength (85% vs 97% of norm, P = 0.002) and the CRT performance (9.5 s vs 7.1 s, P = 0.001) were significantly lower in ActiveCS compared to the CON group. Six months after treatment grip strength further decreased in CS (P = 0.002) and CRT performance remained impaired. The RemissionCS group (mean follow-up 13 years) had reduced hand grip strength (92% compared to normal reference values for dominant hand, P < 0.001). The chair rising test performance was at 9.0 s and not significantly different from the ActiveCS group (P = 0.45). CONCLUSION: CS affects muscle strength in the acute phase, but functional impairment remains detectable also during long-term follow-up despite biochemical remission.

Body Image Perception in Acromegaly Is Not Associated with Objective Acromegalic Changes but Depends on Depressive Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis of acromegaly is delayed up to 10 years after disease onset despite obvious external/objective changes such as bone and soft tissue deformities. We hypothesized that a lack of subjective perception of the disease state, possibly mediated by psychiatric or cognitive alterations, might contribute to the delayed initiation of a diagnostic workup. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: We investigated perceived body image by standardized questionnaires (FKB-20: Fragebogen zum Körperbild; FBeK: Fragebogen zur Beurteilung des eigenen Körpers) in 81 acromegalic patients and contrasted them to (a) a clinical control group of 60 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) who lack severe facial and physical alterations and (b) healthy controls. We further evaluated body image in relation to objective acromegalic changes as judged by medical experts and psychiatric pathology, e.g. depression and cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Patients with acromegaly did not lack subjective perception of the disease state; they showed more negative body image, less vitality, more insecurity/paresthesia and more accentuation of the body compared to normal controls. NFPA patients differed from acromegalic patients only in the 'vital body dynamics' scale of the FKB-20, although they hardly exhibit any physical/bodily changes. Depression correlated with worse body image. No associations were found between body image and objective acromegalic changes as judged by medical experts, cognitive decline or treatment status. CONCLUSIONS: Negative body image in acromegalic patients is unrelated to their objective appearance and similar to those of NFPA patients without major bodily changes. Depression, but not cognitive decline or treatment status, contributes to negative body image.

EMAS position statement: Testosterone replacement therapy in the aging male .

INTRODUCTION: Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) represents a common clinical entity in aging males, characterized by the presence of symptoms (most usually of a sexual nature, such as decreased libido, decreased spontaneous erections and erectile dysfunction) and signs, in combination with low serum testosterone concentrations. Whether testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) should be offered to those individuals is still under extensive debate. AIMS: The aim of this position statement is to provide and critically appraise evidence on TRT in the aging male, focusing on pathophysiology and characteristics of LOH, indications for TRT, available therapeutic agents, monitoring and treatment-associated risks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature review and consensus of expert opinion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis and treatment of LOH is justified, if a combination of symptoms of testosterone deficiency and low testosterone is present. Patients receiving TRT could profit with regard to obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sexual function and osteoporosis and should undergo scheduled testing for adverse events regularly. Potential adverse effects of TRT on cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer and sleep apnea are as yet unclear and remain to be investigated in large-scale prospective studies. Management of aging men with LOH should include individual evaluation of co-morbidities and careful risk versus benefit assessment.

The Incidence of Cancer Among Acromegaly Patients: Results From the German Acromegaly Registry.

CONTEXT: Acromegaly is a rare disease characterized by high serum levels of GH and IGF-1. Animal studies have demonstrated links between these hormones and cancer, but data regarding cancer incidence among acromegaly patients are inconsistent. Moreover, therapy options have changed considerably since many of the aforementioned data were collected. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether the overall and site-specific incidence of cancer is comparable to that of the general population. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data from the German Acromegaly Registry for 446 patients (6656 person-years from diagnosis) treated in seven specialized endocrine centers were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Standard incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as compared to the general population. RESULTS: Overall cancer incidence was slightly but not significantly lower than in the general population (SIR, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 1.00; P = .051) and was not significantly higher for colorectal, breast, thyroid, prostate, and lung cancers. The SIRs of those with GH in the ranges <1, 1-2.5, and ≥ 2.5 ng/mL were 0.75, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively (P = .94). There was not a significant dependence on normal vs elevated IGF-1 (P = .87), radiation therapy (P = .45), disease duration (P = .96), age at diagnosis (P = .15), or during a period of high GH and IGF-1 from 8 years before to 2 years after diagnosis of acromegaly (P = .41). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer screening strategies need to take incidence into account, which does not seem to be substantially higher in treated acromegaly patients than in the general population for any site of cancer.

The Gene of the Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 8 Is Frequently Mutated in Adenomas Causing Cushing's Disease.

CONTEXT: We have recently reported somatic mutations in the ubiquitin-specific protease USP8 gene in a small series of adenomas of patients with Cushing's disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of USP8 mutations and the genotype-phenotype correlation in a large series of patients diagnosed with Cushing's disease. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective, multicentric, genetic analysis of 134 functioning and 11 silent corticotroph adenomas using Sanger sequencing. Biochemical and clinical features were collected and examined within the context of the mutational status of USP8, and new mutations were characterized by functional studies. PATIENTS: A total of 145 patients who underwent surgery for an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Mutational status of USP8. Biochemical and clinical features included sex, age at diagnosis, tumor size, preoperative and postoperative hormonal levels, and comorbidities. RESULTS: We found somatic mutations in USP8 in 48 (36%) pituitary adenomas from patients with Cushing's disease but in none of 11 silent corticotropinomas. The prevalence was higher in adults than in pediatric cases (41 vs 17%) and in females than in males (43 vs 17%). Adults having USP8-mutated adenomas were diagnosed at an earlier age than those with wild-type lesions (36 vs 44 y). Mutations were primarily found in adenomas of 10 ± 7 mm and were inversely associated with the development of postoperative adrenal insufficiency. All the mutations affected the residues Ser718 or Pro720, including five new identified alterations. Mutations reduced the interaction between USP8 and 14-3-3 and enhanced USP8 activity. USP8 mutants diminished epidermal growth factor receptor ubiquitination and induced Pomc promoter activity in immortalized AtT-20 corticotropinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: USP8 is frequently mutated in adenomas causing Cushing's disease, especially in those from female adult patients diagnosed at a younger age.

Sarcopenia in post-menopausal women: Is there any role for vitamin D?

BACKGROUND: Recently, special attention has been given to the role of vitamin D on the pathogenesis and therapy of sarcopenia in postmenopausal women. AIMS: To elucidate the role of vitamin D with respect to sarcopenia in postmenopausal women, providing current evidence from both molecular and clinical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic search to PubMed and Medline databases for publications reporting data on the role of vitamin D in sarcopenia. RESULTS: Sarcopenia has a high prevalence in postmenopausal women, leading to mobility restriction, functional impairment, physical disability and fractures. Accumulating evidence from molecular and clinical studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with sarcopenic status in elderly women independent of body composition, diet and hormonal status. Current data, but not in a uniform way, provide evidence about the beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, physical performance and prevention of falls and fractures in elderly female populations. It is still unclear if and to what extent treatment modalities, such as dose, mode of administration and duration of supplementation, could influence treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Studies with superior methodological characteristics are needed in order to establish a role for vitamin D on the treatment of sarcopenia in postmenopausal women.

Reduced sleep quality and depression associate with decreased quality of life in patients with pituitary adenomas.

OBJECTIVES: Several studies reported decreased quality of life (QoL) and sleep as well as increased rates of depression for patients with pituitary adenomas. Our aim was to explore to what extent differences in depression and sleep quality contribute to differences in QoL between patients with pituitary adenomas and controls. DESIGN: A cross-sectional case-control study. SETTING: Endocrine Outpatient Unit of the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Department of Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, and the Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technical University, Dresden. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with pituitary adenomas (n=247) and controls (from the DETECT cohort, a large epidemiological study in primary care patients) matched individually by age and gender (n=757). MEASUREMENTS: Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and QoL was measured by the generic EQ-5D and calculated by the time trade-off- and VAS-method. Depression was categorized as 'no depression', 'subclinical depression', and 'clinical depression' according to the Beck Depressions Inventory for patients and the Depression Screening Questionnaire for control subjects. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: General linear and generalized, logistic mixed models as well as proportional odds mixed models were calculated for analyzing differences in baseline characteristics and in different subgroups. RESULTS: Patients with pituitary adenomas showed decreased QoL (VAS index: 0.73±0.19) and sleep (PSQI score: 6.75±4.17) as well as increased rates of depression (subclinical or clinical depression: 41.4%) compared with their matched control subjects (VAS index: 0.79±0.18, PSQI score: 5.66±4.31, subclinical or clinical depression: 25.9%). We have shown that a substantial proportion of the reduced QoL (48% respectively 65%) was due to the incidence of depression and reduced sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize the importance of diagnosing depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances in patients with pituitary disease, with the ultimate goal to improve QoL in patients with pituitary adenomas.

Frequency of AIP gene mutations in young patients with acromegaly: a registry-based study.

CONTEXT: Familial and sporadic GH-secreting pituitary adenomas are associated with mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene. Patients with an AIP mutation (AIPmut) tend to have more aggressive tumors occurring at a younger age. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the frequency of AIPmut in patients diagnosed at 30 years of age or younger. DESIGN: The German Acromegaly Registry database (1795 patients in 58 centers) was screened for patients diagnosed with acromegaly at 30 years of age or younger (329 patients). Sixteen centers participated and 91 patients consented to AIPmut analysis. INTERVENTION: DNA was analyzed by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification Main outcome Measures: The number of patients with AIPmut was measured. RESULTS: Five patients had either a mutation (c.490C>T, c.844C>T, and c.911G>A, three males) or gross deletions of exons 1 and 2 of the AIP gene (n = 2, one female). The overall frequency of an AIPmut was 5.5%, and 2.3% or 2.4% in patients with an apparently sporadic adenoma or macroadenoma, respectively. By contrast, three of four patients (75%) with a positive family history were tested positive for an AIPmut. Except for a positive family history, there were no significant differences between patients with and without an AIPmut. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of AIPmut in this registry-based cohort of young patients with acromegaly is lower than previously reported. Patients with a positive family history should be tested for an AIPmut, whereas young patients without an apparent family history should be screened, depending on the individual cost to benefit ratio.

Favorable long-term outcomes of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Bilateral adrenalectomy (BADX) is an important treatment option for patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS). Our aim is to analyze the long-term outcomes, surgical, biochemical, and clinical as well as morbidity and mortality, of patients who underwent BADX. DESIGN: A total of 50 patients who underwent BADX since 1990 in two German centers were identified. Of them, 34 patients had Cushing's disease (CD), nine ectopic CS (ECS), and seven ACTH-independent bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH). METHODS: Standardized follow-up examination was performed in 36 patients with a minimum follow-up time of 6 months after BADX and a median follow-up time of 11 years. RESULTS: Surgical morbidity and mortality were 6 and 4% respectively. All patients were found to be in remission after BADX. Almost all Cushing's-specific comorbidities except for psychiatric diseases improved significantly. Health-related quality of life remained impaired in 45.0% of female and 16.7% of male patients compared with a healthy population. The median number of adrenal crises per 100 patient-years was four. Nelson tumor occurred in 24% of CD patients after a median time span of 51 months. Long-term mortality after 10 years was high in ECS (44%) compared with CD (3%) and BAH (14%). CONCLUSIONS: BADX is an effective and relatively safe treatment option especially in patients with CD. The majority of patients experience considerable improvement of Cushing's symptoms.

Health Outcomes in Acromegaly: Depression and Anxiety are Promising Targets for Improving Reduced Quality of Life.

INTRODUCTION: Remission criteria of acromegaly are based on biochemical variables, i.e., normalization of increased hormone levels. However, the established reduction in Quality of Life (QoL) is suggested to be independent of biochemical control. The aim of this study was to test which aspects predict QoL best in acromegaly. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a prospective cohort study in 80 acromegalic patients, with a cross-sectional and longitudinal part. The main outcome measure was health-related QoL, measured by a generic and a disease-specific questionnaire (the SF-36 and AcroQoL). Main predictors were age, gender, biochemical control, disease characteristics, treatment modalities, and psychopathology. RESULTS: Our cohort of 80 acromegalics had a mean age 54.7 ± 12.3 years with an average disease duration of 10.8 ± 10.0 years. Ratio macro-/microadenoma was 54/26. In adjusted mixed method models, we found that psychopathology significantly predicts QoL in acromegaly (in models including the variables age, gender, disease duration, tumor size, basal hormone levels, relevant treatment modalities, and relevant comorbidities), with a higher degree of psychopathology indicating a lower QoL (depression vs. AcroQoL: B = -1.175, p < 0.001, depression vs. SF-36: B = -1.648, p < 0.001, anxiety vs. AcroQoL: B = -0.399, p < 0.001, anxiety vs. SF-36: B = -0.661, p < 0.001). The explained variances demonstrate superiority of psychopathology over biochemical control and other variables in predicting QoL in our models. DISCUSSION: Superiority of psychopathology over biochemical control calls for a more extensive approach regarding diagnosing depression and anxiety in pituitary adenomas to improve QoL. Depressive symptoms and anxiety are modifiable factors that might provide valuable targets for possible future treatment interventions.