Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and geographic contexts of civilized villages in China.

Rural civilization is the soul of rural revitalization strategies. As a booster of rural civilization, the civilized village is an indispensable force to promote the modernization of rural areas, in the meanwhile, the study of its spatial distribution has important theoretical significance and practical value in deepening the theory of rural geography, promoting the development of rural civilization, and helping rural revitalization. Considering civilized villages as the study topic, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and geographic context were discussed using spatial analysis methods. The number of civilized villages in the country has shown a clear upward trend since 2005. The spatial distribution pattern of civilized villages in China shows unbalanced patterns with a higher concentration in the east and south. Civilized villages in China present significant patterns of clustering with an increasing degree of spatial clustering, showing a multi-core spatial distribution pattern. Civilized villages in China demonstrate clear spatiotemporal clustering characteristics. A spatiotemporal hot spot cluster formed in the northwestern region from 2005 to 2011, and a spatiotemporal cold spot cluster formed in the southeastern region from 2005 to 2008. The spatial distribution of civilized villages in China has obvious geographical differentiation laws, and factors such as topography, climate, economy, transportation, and policy significantly affect their spatial distribution.

The impact of network externalities and altruistic preferences on carbon emission reduction of low carbon supply chain.

This paper explores the manufacturer's carbon emission reduction in the presence of network externalities and altruistic preferences. Existing literature mainly analyzes the impact of government regulations and firms' behavior characteristics on manufacturers' decisions, while little literature investigates the role of network externalities and altruistic preferences in promoting carbon emission reduction of manufacturers. Our results show that network externalities and altruistic preferences are conducive to improving manufacturers' profits and carbon emission reduction levels. However, we find that manufacturers' carbon emission reductions are more likely to be optimal without network externalities and altruistic preferences when the cost of low-carbon technologies is low, and consumer preferences are high. Interestingly, when the low-carbon technologies cost is high, the combined effect of network externalities and altruistic preferences is more favorable for manufacturers to implement carbon emission reductions. However, when the cost of low-carbon technologies is moderate, we find that the combined effect of network externalities and retailers' altruistic preferences does not always increase the level of carbon emission reductions. In addition, we also find that network externalities or altruistic preferences enhance manufacturers' ability to afford the costs of low-carbon technologies, which implies that manufacturers are more inclined to reduce carbon emissions compared to scenarios without network externalities and altruistic preferences.

Manufacturers' product line strategies and environmental impacts under carbon cap and trade policies.

This paper explores the impact of carbon cap-and-trade policies and consumer low-carbon preferences on the choice of manufacturers' product lines. We further investigate the optimal decisions of manufacturers under different product line strategies. Moreover, we analyze consumer surplus, environmental impact, and social welfare under different product line strategies. The results show that producing low-carbon and ordinary products is the optimal product line strategy for manufacturers. In addition, we demonstrate that when considering carbon cap-and-trade policies and consumers' low-carbon preferences, the consumer surplus, environmental impact, and social welfare when manufacturers produce low-carbon products are always better than in other scenarios. Furthermore, our research results also show that with the increase of carbon trading prices, the consumer surplus and social welfare when manufacturers choose to produce low-carbon products are always better than in other scenarios. However, we find that the environmental impact is not always outperforming when manufacturers choose a product line that produces low-carbon products than other scenarios.