Subject(s)
Awards and Prizes , Biomedical Research , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Research Personnel , United States , Humans , Female , Male , SexismSubject(s)
Gender Equity , Industry , Salaries and Fringe Benefits/economics , Science , Universities , Female , Humans , Industry/economics , Industry/organization & administration , Male , Science/economics , Science/organization & administration , Universities/economics , Universities/organization & administrationSubject(s)
Interpersonal Relations , Judgment , Social Desirability , Social Perception , Attention , Cues , Culture , Female , Friends/psychology , Humans , Male , Personal Construct Theory , Projection , Psychological Theory , Self ConceptABSTRACT
We analyzed longitudinal data on academic careers and conducted interviews with faculty members to determine the scope and causes of the gender gap in patenting among life scientists. Our regressions on a random sample of 4227 life scientists over a 30-year period show that women faculty members patent at about 40% of the rate of men. We found that the gender gap has improved over time but remains large.
Subject(s)
Biological Science Disciplines , Faculty/statistics & numerical data , Patents as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Women, Working/statistics & numerical data , Authorship , Bibliometrics , Career Mobility , Consultants , Female , Humans , Industry , Interviews as Topic , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Publishing , Regression Analysis , Sex Factors , United States , UniversitiesABSTRACT
The authors examine the conditions prompting university-employed life scientists to become entrepreneurs, defined to occur when a scientist (1) founds a biotechnology company, or (2) joins the scientific advisory board of a new biotechnology firm. This study draws on theories of social influence, socialization, and status dynamics to examine how proximity to colleagues in commercial science influences individuals' propensity to transition to entrepreneurship. To expose the mechanisms at work, this study also assesses how proximity effects change over time as for-profit science diffuses through the academy. Using adjusted proportional hazards models to analyze case-cohort data, the authors find evidence that the orientation toward commercial science of individuals' colleagues and coauthors, as well as a number of other workplace attributes, significantly influences scientists' hazards of transitioning to for-profit science.
