[Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of typical organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of Hexi Corridor and Lanzhou, northwest China].

Air samples were seasonally collected in Hexi Corridor and Lanzhou, Gansu province, using polyurethane foam (PUF) based passive air samplers for a year and determined hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). Atmospheric concentrations of sigma HCHs (alpha-HCH +beta-HCH +gamma-HCH +delta-HCH) and sigma DDTs (p,p'-DDT + o,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD) were 86.22 pg x m(-3) and 34.06 pg x m(-3) in Hexi Corridor and Lanzhou with background concentrations of 54.41 pg x m(-3) and 21.56 pg x m(-3), respectively, which were lower than previously reported values elsewhere. In general, the seasonal pollution characteristics of sigma HCHs and sigma DDTs exhibited higher levels with the average concentrations of 127.4 pg x m(-3) and 47.06 pg x m(-3) in autumn, respectively. Furthermore, relatively higher residual concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found in Jiuquan, Anxi and Zhangye, relating to their more arable lands and more intensively historical usage. Source apportionment indicated HCHs were mainly originated from historical technical-HCHs residues and recent Lindane usage. Recently introduced technical-DDTs was highly responsible for DDTs contamination, whereas the higher concentrations of o,p'-DDT observed in Jiuquan and Anxi may be attributed to dicofol usage. In addition, human exposure to HCHs and DDTs in Hexi Corridor and Lanzhou via inhalation could be relatively low.

[Residual levels in air, soil and soil-air exchange of organochlorine pesticides in Hami region of Xinjiang and its potential ecological risk].

The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in soil and air of urban/rural/forestry centre locations in the Hami region of Xinjiang were monitored for a year by passive atmospheric sampling in order to study the residual levels and air-soil exchange and evaluate ecological risk. The study results showed that the annual average concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in the air of Hami were 107.1 pg x m(-3) and 43.9 pg x m(-3), respectively, and the concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in summer and autumn were generally higher than those in winter and spring. It was deduced that the HCHs and DDTs tended to evaporate into the air because of the higher temperatures in summer and autumn. For OCPs in the air of study area, HCHs were dominanted the main pollution compared with DDTs. Meanwhile, alpha-HCH contributed the largest portion among all HCHs isomers, and p,p'-DDE dominated the residual levels of DDTs. Moreover, the values of alpha-HCH/gamma-HCH were in the range of 3 to 7, which indicated that the use of technical HCHs or the long distance atmosphere transport of HCHs may play a significant role for HCHs in the air of Hami region. Furthermore, ratios of (DDD + DDE)/DDTs were in the range of 0.4-0.9, 71.4% of which were higher than 0.5, indicating that DDTs in the air were mainly from historical usage and no new DDTs sources emerged in Hami recently. The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in soil were between 0.344-6.954 ng x g(-1) and 0.104-26.397 ng x g(-1), respectively, which did not exceed the National Soil Quality Standard Level I. In addition, DDTs predominated in soil OCPs, in which beta-HCH accounting for a huge percentage in HCHs isomers, while o,p'-DDT predominated in pollution caused by DDTs isomers. From study results, it was also suggested that the important cause of DDTs residues in soil of Hami area could be the recent inputs of new sources since the value of (DDD + DDE)/DDTs were lower than 0.5. The sources of HCHs and DDTs in soil and atmosphere were not consistent, which was mainly caused by the different characteristics of soil and atmosphere and the complex geographical environment and climatic conditions in Hami region. The study on air-soil exchange showed that the escaping tendency of the various isomers of HCHs and p, p'-DDE was mainly from the soil to the air, on the contrary, the escaping tendency of o,p'-DDE,o,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDD,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT was mainly from the air to the soil in Hami, which indicated that the soil was the sink of most of DDTs, and the air was the source of most of DDTs; while the air was the sink of HCHs and p,p'-DDE, and the soil was the source of HCHs and p,p'-DDE. There were potential risks of DDTs to birds and soil organisms in urban soil and forestry centre soil of Hami region, while the ecological risk of HCHs was light in Hami surface soil.

[Long-range transport potential of typical organic pollutants in Nanjing].

In this study, the long-range transport potentials (LRTP) of typical organic pollutants including p,p'-DDT, gamma-HCH, BaP and HCB in air and water of Nanjing were estimated using the TaPL3 model. The research results showed that the characteristic travel distances (CTD) of BaP and p,p'-DDT through air were relatively low, 198 km and 255 km, respectively, indicating relatively low LRTP and difficulty in pollution dispersion. In contrast, gamma-HCH and HCB tended to transport over longer distances through water and air, with CTD values of 91 558 km and 19 056 km in water and 1 858 km and 21 104 km in air, respectively, indicating that the dispersion of pollution in air and water of the studied area was relatively easy. Furthermore, the stickiness of gamma-HCH and HCB in water was negative, and the values were -2.1 and -54.86, respectively, indicating that gamma-HCH and HCB tended to remain in the atmosphere. The mass fractions in air after they passed air and achieved the steady state were 0.551% and 2.2%, respectively, whereas the mass fractions in air after they passed water and achieved the steady state were 0. 149% and 1.05% , respectively, which were higher than those of p,p'-DDT and BaP.