Molecular genotypes of gag sequences in HIV-1 infected children treated with antiretroviral therapy in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been reported to play a crucial role in establishing infection, viral replication, and disease progression; thus, gag might be related to treatment response. The objective of this study was to investigate molecular genotypes of the gag gene, particularly the important functional binding domains in relation to treatment outcomes. METHODS: HIV-infected children enrolled and treated at Vietnam National Children's Hospital were recruited in the study. A total of 25 gag sequences were generated and used to construct phylogenetic trees and aligned with a reference sequence comparing 17 functional domains. RESULTS: We found that all patients in a treatment failure (TF) group belonged to one cluster of the phylogenetic tree. In addition, the rate of mutations was significantly higher in TF compared with a treatment success (TS) group, specifically the PIP2 recognition motif, and the nucleocapsid basic and zinc motif 2 domains [median and (interquartile range (IQR): 12.5 (6.25-12.5) versus 50 (25-50), p < 0.01; 0 (0-0) versus 0 (0-21.43), p = 0.03 and 0 (0-7.14) versus 7.14 (7.14-7.14), p = 0.04, respectively]. When analyzing gag sequences at different time points in seven patients, we did not observe a consistent mutation pattern related to treatment response. CONCLUSION: Gag mutations in certain domains might be associated with increased viral load; therefore, studying the molecular genotype of the gag gene might be beneficial in monitoring treatment response in HIV-infected children.

Characterization of envelope sequence of HIV virus in children infected with HIV in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: HIV is characterized by high levels of genetic variability, including increased numbers of heterogeneous sequences of the envelope region. Therefore, studying genetic variability of HIV in relation to viral replication might facilitate prognosis of disease progression. METHODS: The study was designed as cross-sectional; data and samples of participants collected and analyzed env genes were obtained from 23 children enrolled by Vietnam National Children's Hospital. RESULTS: Substantial mutations in the C2 region were found in patients with high levels of viral replication while changes in the C3 region were mostly found in patients with low viral load. In the V1 region, we found profound amino acid modifications in patients with low HIV viral loads in contrast to the V2 sequence, where we identified single point mutations in patients with increased HIV viral load. The V3 region was relatively homogeneous, while profound deletions in the V4 region were detected in patients with increased viral replication. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that genetic variations in different regions of the HIV envelope sequence, including both conserved C2 and C3 and variable V1/V2 and V4 regions, might be involved in increased viral infectivity and replication capacity. Such knowledge might help improve prediction of HIV progress and treatment in patients.

Prevalence of Opportunistic Infections and Associated Factors in HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men on Antiretroviral Therapy in Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam: A Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of opportunistic infections (OIs) and factors associated with acquiring OIs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in comparison to those of heterosexual patients. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 82 HIV-infected MSM and 120 HIV-infected heterosexual men in Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam. Demographical characteristics and clinical data were collected and analyzed using appropriate statistics (Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression). RESULTS: The prevalence of OIs among MSM and heterosexual patients were 63.4% and 81.7%, respectively. The most frequent OI in the MSM group was human papilloma virus (HPV) (11%), followed by hepatitis B virus (8.5%), mycobacterium tuberculosis (7.3%), and Talaromycosis (2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that buying sex (odds ratio (OR) = 4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-14.25) and injecting drugs (OR = 13.05, 95% CI: 2.39-71.21) were associated with increased odds of having OIs in heterosexual patients while increasing age (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.01-1.24) was correlated to increased odd of acquiring OIs in the MSM group. HIV-infected MSM accumulates OIs with increasing age, while heterosexual individuals increase opportunistic infections by buying sex or injecting drugs.

Elevation of immunoglobulin levels is associated with treatment failure in HIV-infected children in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: HIV-infected children suffer from higher levels of treatment failure compared to adults. Immunoactivation, including humoral immunoactivation reflected by increased immunoglobulin levels, is believed to occur early during HIV infection. Therefore, we wanted investigate alteration in immunoglobulin levels in association with treatment response in HIV-infected children. METHODS: A nested case-control study was conducted using clinical data collected from 68 HIV-infected children enrolled at the National Hospital of Pediatrics, Vietnam. RESULTS: The results showed that immunoglobulin levels, CD4 T-cell counts, CD4 T-cell percentage, and HIV load were significantly higher in the treatment-failure group than the treatment-success group at treatment initiation. IgG and IgA levels were negatively correlated with CD4 T-cell counts (P=0.049 and P<0.01, respectively) and positively correlated with HIV load (P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively). In addition, IgG and IgA levels were independently associated with treatment response, analyzed by Cox regression analysis (HR 1.19 [P=0.049] and HR 1.69 [P<0.01], respectively). CONCLUSION: Elevation of IgA levels occurred early during HIV infection, and might have a prognostic role in treatment response.