Eco-epidemiological Aspects of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Municipality of Diamantina, Jequitinhonha Valley (Minas Gerais State, Brazil).

Background: The present study was carried out in the rural and urban area of Diamantina/Minas Gerais (MG), an endemic municipality for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. Methods: Patient notification records, canine prevalence, and phlebotomine fauna were evaluated. Results: In the period from 2016 to 2018, eight human cases were confirmed, with three deaths, predominantly in males. In the same period, a total of 1,388 dogs resided in the rural and urban area of the municipality were submitted to the DPP® and ELISA, with a percentage of confirmed canine cases of 29.9% and 29.4%, respectively. The entomological study conducted in the municipality revealed the presence of 10 species of sand flies, with a predominance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (55.75%), mainly in the rural area. Conclusions: Unlike what is happening in urban centers, the results of this study suggest that the VL in Diamantina is in the process of urbanization, given the high percentage of confirmed canine cases and the high density of Lu. longipalpis in the rural area of the municipality. These risk factors warn about the need for continuous surveillance and the need to control actions of VL in this area.

[The variability of the heart rate in the first 24 hours after fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarct]. / Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca nas primeiras 24 horas após a terapêutica fibrinolítica no enfarte agudo do miocárdio.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The role of heart rate variability changes in the appraisal of reperfusion after fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction is still controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of reperfusion and infarct site on heart rate variability within 24 hours after infarction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 45 patients with a mean age = 56.3 +/- 12.4 years, 25 with anterior infarction and 20 with inferior infarction. The reperfusion was defined by the simultaneous presence of three classic noninvasive criteria (fast relief of pain, fast regression of ST segment elevation and early peak of CK). We studied heart rate variability parameters in time-domain and frequency-domain on a 24-hour Holter ECG started at the same time as fibrinolytic therapy. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients showed reperfusion. We did not find significant differences in the several parameters of heart rate variability between patients with reperfusion and patients without reperfusion, but the patients with anterior wall infarction showed a significant reduction in SDNN in comparison with patients with inferior wall infarction (84 +/- 28 ms vs 102 +/- 30 ms; p = 0.05). pNN50 (5.3 +/- 7.2 ms vs 10.5 +/- 9.8 ms; p = 0.04), LF (618 +/- 591 ms2 vs 1374 +/- 1761 ms2; p = 0.05) and TP (1415 +/- 1199 ms2/Hz vs 3015 +/- 4243 ms2/Hz). CONCLUSION: These data suggest a relationship between infarct severity and sympathetic activation and/or reduction of vagal modulation, but a potential beneficial effect of reperfusion on autonomic nervous system alterations was not evident in the first day of acute myocardial infarction.

[Angina pectoris: the lipid profile and clinical practice]. / Angina de peito: perfil lipídico e prática clínica.

After a brief historical synopsis of lipid lowering therapy and coronary artery disease, the actual issues were discussed. The problem of secondary prevention of coronary artery disease was addressed on the basis of the recently published studies. A special emphasis was given to the 4S and CARE studies and their results discussed. The problem of primary prevention in the light of the West of Scotland Study is discussed.

[Treatment of the acute phase of myocardial infarction with nitrates]. / Terapêutica com nitratos na fase aguda do enfarte do miocárdio.

An historical background of the use of nitrates in the setting of acute myocardial infarction gives way to the successive steps this therapy gave in the last 15 years. The pioneer investigations of John Flaherty proving the usefulness of nitroglycerin in reducing infarct size followed by the works by Bussman and Jugdutt notably on the limitation of infarct size but also on the prevention of infarct expansion and ventricular wall thinning are reviewed. The adjunctive role of nitrates in thrombolytic therapy is appraised and its absolute and relative contraindications are pointed out. Finally and based on the statistical works by Yusuf, the real impact of nitrate therapy in mortality of acute myocardial infarction is emphasised.

[Influence of the use of Swan-Ganz catheter on the mortality from acute myocardial infarction]. / Influência do uso do cateter de Swan-Ganz na mortalidade do enfarte agudo do miocárdio.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the statistical significance of the haemodynamic examination making use of the Swan-Ganz catheter (S-G) on the hospitalary mortality of patients (pts) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). CONCEPTION: Not randomized, not controlled and retrospective study. SETTING: Intensive coronary care unit (CCU). PATIENTS: 2562 pts with AMI sequentially admitted to a CCU were studied. METHODS: The 2562 pts were divided in two groups: Group A--involving 2117 pts not submitted to haemodynamic examination; Group B-constituted by 445 pts (17% of all pts) submitted to haemodynamic examination. All pts admitted to the study were distributed according to the four classes of Killip. The pts included in each Killip class were distributed by the groups A (not catheterized) and B (catheterized). Hospitalary mortalities of the pts included in the global A and B groups, and the mortalities of the patients included in the particular A and B groups in each Killip class were determined. To evaluate the statistical significance of the differences in distributions of the number of pts who survived and who died in each set of A and B groups square chi test was used. Values of p less than 0.05 were considered as statistical significant. RESULTS: The distributions of the pts who died and who survived during the stay in the hospital by the A and B groups, be it in the total group of patients be it in each Killip class, were not significant different (p greater than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The mortalities of pts with AMI submitted or not to haemodynamic examination with S-G catheter did not significantly differ even in each Killip class, which means that it was not demonstrated a benefit with the S-G catheter use in the pts with AMI. In the presence of this conclusion and considering that retrospective studies must be interpreted with circumspection, it seems necessary to accomplish a prospective randomized and controlled study for evaluation the risk/benefit relation of the haemodynamic examination with the S-G catheter in pts with AMI.

[A case of rupture of the left ventricle free wall with papillary muscle dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction, operated on successfully]. / Um caso de rotura da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo com disfunção do músculo papilar, pós-enfarte agudo do miocárdio, operado com sucesso.

The authors present a case of left ventricular free wall rupture post acute myocardial infarction, associated with mitral papillary posterior muscle necrosis, operated by infartectomy and mitral valvular protesis replacement. They refer the various complications occurred during the hospital staying, and discuss its medical and surgical approach. The patient was discharged alive and six months after the infarction keeps a moderate activity.

[Thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarct. Experience at Santa Maria's Hospital]. / Trombólise no enfarte agudo do miocárdio Experiência no Hospital de Santa Maria.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the experience with i.v. streptokinase (SK) in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in two cardiac care units. Conception: Retrospective analysis of patients (pts) admitted either to UCIM or UTIC-AC with the diagnosis of AMI receiving SK. PATIENTS: 77 pts were treated, although one of them was later proved to be a false positive diagnosis of AMI. Of the other 76, there were 63 men and 13 women with age 55 +/- 12 (mean age +/- SD) years (limits of 20 and 82 years). AMIs were anterior in 42% of the pts, inferior in 51%, anterior and inferior in 4% and non Q wave in 1%; Killip classes (cl) were: cl I in 64%, cl II in 26%, cl III in 5% an cl IV in 5%. The time interval from the beginning of acute symptoms to the arrival at the hospital was 2.8 +/- 1.2 hours (1 to 15) and from that moment to administration of SK was 1.6 +/- 1.4 h. The whole interval to the administration of SK was 4.4 +/- 2.5 h. RESULTS: The 3 criteria of reperfusion (pain relief, ST changes resolution and less than 18 h maximum CK rise) were present in 36% of the pts, 2 of the criteria in 21%, and 41% of the pts had only one or no criteria. The time interval to the administration of SK in these 3 groups was 3.3 +/- 1.3 h, 4.8 +/- 3.1 h and 5.0 +/- 2.5 h respectively. Non fatal complications occurred in 16% of the pts (major bleeding in 2.6%, minor bleeding in 99% and minor anafilaxy in 4%. Mortality was 11.8% (9 pts). Two thirds of the deaths were due to cardiac rupture. In hospital residual ischemia was present in 9% (7 pts). CONCLUSION: Treatment of AMI with i.v. SK proved to be a safe and easy to apply therapeutic option, carrying a low morbidity and mortality, lower than that normally observed in our hospital with the conventional approach of AMI before the era of thrombolysis.

[Role of nitrates in the pharmacologic treatment of heart insufficiency]. / O lugar dos nitratos na terapêutica farmacológica da insuficiência cardíaca.

Following a brief historical synopsis on the role of nitrates in clinical practice, their intracellular and general mechanisms of action are reviewed, pointing out the current views on the problem of nitrate tolerance. The present indications for nitrate therapy and their future trends are then discussed. Finally, nitrate formulations, doses and routes of administration are presented and the need of their cautions selection is stressed in order to get the last therapeutic result in each particular clinic setting.

[Myocardial biopsy]. / Biópsia miocárdica.

After a short historical introduction the indications for myocardial biopsy are discussed with focus on the more controversial among them. The probable directions of development of its indications are then analysed and finally its complications are reviewed pointing out their extreme rarity specially the more severe ones.