ABSTRACT
Thermal manikin experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of manikin surface temperature on the performance of a personal cooling system (PCS), more specifically, a liquid circulating garment (LCG). Three manikin temperatures were tested using a dry thermal manikin torso: 38, 34, and 30 degrees C. Mean environmental temperature during experiments was 23.5+/-1 degrees C. Results show that more heat was extracted from the thermal manikin by the PCS as the manikin surface temperature was increased. This is due to the larger difference in temperature between the manikin and the chilled fluid flowing in the PCS when the manikin temperature is high. Finally, it was demonstrated that if insulating garments that reduce heat losses to the environment were worn over the PCS, the PCS efficiency increased.
Subject(s)
Air Conditioning , Clothing , Hot Temperature , Manikins , Convection , HumansABSTRACT
During semistructured interviews, coaches and players have expressed their perception of violence in hockey through several game situations. The responses reveal that coaches disapprove and even sanction players receiving too many useless penalties, but occasionally congratulate them for a penalized action executed to save a goal. During matches, verbal intimidation is high and not always criticized, especially when it causes the opponent to lose concentration and take a penalty. Body checks have been identified as a main generator of frustration and lack of discipline among players. Data analysis suggests two interventions in training programmes for coaches: the development of teaching material on body checking and on individual counselling techniques to impart sportsmanship attitudes to young players.
Subject(s)
Attitude , Hockey/psychology , Violence , Adult , Aggression/psychology , Behavior/classification , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Reproducibility of Results , Teaching/methods , Verbal BehaviorABSTRACT
This study was designed to determine the validity and reliability of a new electrogoniometer devised and developed for the measurement of sagittal dorsolumbar movements (T8-S1). The validity was measured in 10 normal subjects by comparison of the angle values obtained with the electrogoniometer with those obtained with the two-inclinometer method previously validated with x-ray measurements. The total range of movement was divided into 5 degree steps, and the angle value obtained with both methods was recorded at each of these steps. The testing procedure was repeated (retest) after removal and reattachment of the electrogoniometer. Because the potentiometer of the electrogoniometer measures angular changes indirectly from changes in the curvature of a flexible slat, a special individual calibration procedure was applied, and computation of the electrogoniometric angles (Ec) representing the dorsolumbar movement was made by software. Regression analysis of Ec in relation to corresponding inclinometric angles gave a slope of 1.03 and a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.97, indicating a high concurrent validity between the two methods. The intraclass correlation coefficient between test and retest (ICC = 0.982) confirmed the high reproducibility of the measurement procedures. The length of the slat can be changed to adapt the electrogoniometric system to different statures. Under standardized conditions, this new electrogoniometer can provide continuous measurements of sagittal dorsolumbar movements that are reproducible with an accuracy comparable to that obtained with the two-inclinometer method.
