ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The lung expresses large amounts of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), which catalyzes a step in the biosynthesis of potent vasoactive endothelin-1 (ET-1) from the inactive intermediate big ET-1. Because there has been no report concerning a possible relationship between ET-1 and ECE-1, we investigated the effects of ET-1 on ECE-1 expression in cultured rat pulmonary endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: ECE-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in cultured endothelial cells were assayed by Northern and Western blotting, respectively. Incubation with ET-1 for 6 hours caused a significant decrease in ECE-1 mRNA expression. The action of ET-1 on ECE-1 mRNA expression was antagonized by pretreatment with BQ788, a specific ETB receptor antagonist, but not by pretreatment with BQ123, a specific ETA receptor antagonist. The expression of ECE-1 protein was also inhibited at 6 hours after incubation with ET-1. The effects of ET-1 on ECE-1 mRNA and protein expression were shown to be mimicked by ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, but not by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator. CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that ET-1 suppressed ECE-1 protein levels by inhibiting ECE-1 mRNA expression through the ETB receptor, suggesting the existence of a feedback action of ET-1 on ECE-1 in pulmonary endothelial cells.
Subject(s)
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Endothelin-1/pharmacology , Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology , Lung/cytology , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/genetics , Carcinogens/pharmacology , Cell Line , Endothelin Receptor Antagonists , Endothelin-Converting Enzymes , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic , Ionomycin/pharmacology , Ionophores/pharmacology , Lung/enzymology , Metalloendopeptidases , Oligopeptides/pharmacology , Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology , RNA, Messenger/analysis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/analogs & derivatives , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Abnormal renal handling of water and sodium is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Alteration of renal endothelin-1 synthesis is also reported in SHR. Endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor and regulator of sodium reabsorption in the nephron, has a pathophysiological potential in the development of hypertension. Because synthesis of bioactive endothelin-1 requires endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), we investigated whether renal ECE-1 gene expression is altered in the kidney of SHR. Kidneys from both 4- and 12-week-old SHR and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were studied. ECE-1 mRNA in microdissected nephron segments was assessed by reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction, and ECE-1 protein level by Western blot. In 4-week-old SHR, ECE-1 mRNA was significantly increased in the proximal straight tubule, medullary thick ascending limb, cortical thick ascending limb, and inner medullary collecting duct. ECE-1 protein level was increased in both the outer and inner medulla. In 12-week-old SHR, ECE-1 gene expression was significantly increased in the proximal straight tubule, medullary thick ascending limb, and also in the glomeruli. Glomerular preproendothelin-1 mRNA expression was not different between the two strains at both 4 and 12 weeks. We conclude that high ECE-1 gene expression in the nephron, via increase of endothelin-1 synthesis, may promote sodium retention that contributes to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension in SHR.
Subject(s)
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/biosynthesis , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic , Hypertension/enzymology , Kidney/enzymology , Aging , Animals , DNA Primers , Endothelin-Converting Enzymes , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Hypertension/genetics , Kidney/growth & development , Kidney Cortex/enzymology , Kidney Medulla/enzymology , Kidney Tubules/enzymology , Male , Metalloendopeptidases , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHR , Rats, Inbred WKY , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Changes in magnesium metabolism, along with those in sodium, were investigated in 17 patients with Graves' disease (14 females and 3 males, mean +/- SD, 44.8 +/- 12.2 years) and their relationship to plasma levels of thyroid hormones were assessed before and after treatment. Each patient was studied in hyperthyroid state and euthyroid state after treatment. Each patient was studied in hyperthyroid state and euthyroid state after treatment with methimazole. Treatment with methimazole increased the magnesium concentration both in erythrocytes (2.00 +/- 0.18 vs. 2.08 +/- 0.24 mmol/l cells, P < 0.05) and in serum (0.72 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.11 mmol/l, P < 0.001) but both urinary output and fractional excretion of magnesium decreased significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). The erythrocyte sodium concentration decreased with treatment (10.7 +/- 2.6 vs. 8.1 +/- 1.1 mmol/l cells, P < 0.001) but the serum sodium remained unchanged (140.9 +/- 1.9 vs. 140.9 +/- 2.1 mmol/l, NS). Urinary excretion of sodium also decreased with treatment (P < 0.05), but only changes in indices of magnesium metabolism (decrease in renal fractional excretion, rise in serum level) correlated significantly with those of the thyroid functions with treatment. These observations clearly indicate that in Graves' disease, the magnitude of magnesium metabolism alteration is closely related to the extent of the increase in thyroid hormones in plasma.
