Carbon dots as a versatile tool to monitor insulin aggregation.

The possibility to monitor peptide and protein aggregation is of paramount importance in the so-called conformational diseases, as the understanding of many physiological pathways, as well as pathological processes involved in the development of such diseases, depends very much on the actual possibility to monitor biomolecule oligomeric distribution and aggregation. In this work, we report a novel experimental method to monitor protein aggregation, based on the change of the fluorescent properties of carbon dots upon protein binding. The results obtained in the case of insulin with this newly proposed experimental approach are compared with those obtained with other common experimental techniques normally used for the same purpose (circular dichroism, DLS, PICUP and ThT fluorescence). The greatest advantage of the hereby presented methodology over all the other experimental methods considered is the possibility to monitor the initial stages of insulin aggregation under the different experimental conditions sampled and the absence of possible disturbances and/or molecular probes during the aggregation process.

The Use of Surface Plasmon Resonance to Study the Interactions of Proteins Involved in Conformational Diseases: Experimental Approaches for New Therapeutical Perspectives.

In recent years, the scientific community has been trying to tackle different diseases by using unifying and holistic approaches based on the concept that it is possible to target apparently very different diseases under a comprehensive general scheme. In other words, various different diseases have been grouped together under the label of "conformational diseases", because the triggering cause for each malady is the misfolding of a specific protein, whose dyshomeostasis and accumulation cause all the other downhill biomolecular events characteristic of each different disease. In a parallel manner, analytical techniques have developed to investigate protein misfolding and accumulation, so as to give a valid technical support to the investigation of conformational diseases. In this scenario, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has widely contributed to study many different aspects correlated to conformational diseases, offering the advantages of real time investigations, use of small amounts of biological materials and possibility to mimic the cellular environments without recurring to the use of fluorescent tags. In this review, after a brief introduction about conformational diseases and the SPR technique, a thorough description of the various uses of SPR to investigate the biomolecular mechanisms involved in these diseases is given in order to provide the reader with an exhaustive list as well as a critical perspective of the use of SPR for such topic. The case of Alzheimer's disease is discussed at a deeper level. We hope that this work will make the reader aware of all the possible SPR experimental approaches, which can be used to develop new possible therapeutic strategies to tackle conformational diseases.

Carbon dots surface chemistry drives fluorescent properties: New tools to distinguish isobaric peptides.

The possibility to design rational carbon dots surface functionalization for specific analytical and bioanalytical applications is hindered by the lack of a full knowledge of the surface chemical features driving fluorescent properties. In this model study, we have synthesized four different peptides, three of which are isobaric and not distinguishable by common MSMS experiments. After having characterized the peptides conformations by CD analyses, we have covalently bonded all four peptides to carbon dots by using different experimental procedures, which produce different functional groups on the carbon dots surface. The peptide orientations obtained on the differently functionalized surface of the nanoparticles were different and produced different fluorescent responses. The reported results indicate the possibility to design amino and carboxyl enriched surface carbon dots to answer specific chemical requirements, paving the way for the use of these nanoparticles as a versatile and useful new chemical and biochemical tool.

An SPR-based method for Hill coefficient measurements: the case of insulin-degrading enzyme.

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a highly conserved zinc metallopeptidase and is capable to catalytically cleave several substrates besides insulin, playing a pivotal role in several different biochemical pathways. Although its mechanism of action has been widely investigated, many conundrums still remain, hindering the possibility to rationally design specific modulators which could have important therapeutical applications in several diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. In this scenario, we have developed a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method which allows for directly measuring the enzyme cooperativity for the binding of insulin in the presence of different IDE activity modulators: carnosine, ATP, and EDTA. Results indicate that both positive and negative modulations of the IDE activity can be correlated to an increase and a decrease of the measured Hill coefficient, respectively, giving a new insight into the IDE activity mechanism. The use of the IDE R767A mutant for which oligomerization is hindered confirmed that the positive allosteric modulation of IDE by carnosine is due to a change in the enzyme oligomeric state occurring also for the enzyme immobilized on the gold SPR chip.

Neuroprotective Effect of Carnosine Is Mediated by Insulin-Degrading Enzyme.

l-Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide that has high potential for therapeutic purposes, being an antioxidant with metal chelating, anti-aggregating, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Despite its potential therapeutic values, the biomolecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotection are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate, at chemical and biochemical levels, that insulin-degrading enzyme plays a pivotal role in carnosine neuroprotection.

Cyclodextrin Polymers as Delivery Systems for Targeted Anti-Cancer Chemotherapy.

In the few last years, nanosystems have emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to improve the efficacy and selectivity of many drugs. Cyclodextrins (CyDs) and their nanoparticles have been widely investigated as drug delivery systems. The covalent functionalization of CyD polymer nanoparticles with targeting molecules can improve the therapeutic potential of this family of nanosystems. In this study, we investigated cross-linked γ- and ß-cyclodextrin polymers as carriers for doxorubicin (ox) and oxaliplatin (Oxa). We also functionalized γ-CyD polymer bearing COOH functionalities with arginine-glycine-aspartic or arginine moieties for targeting the integrin receptors of cancer cells. We tested the Dox and Oxa anti-proliferative activity in the presence of the precursor polymer with COOH functionalities and its derivatives in A549 (lung, carcinoma) and HepG2 (liver, carcinoma) cell lines. We found that CyD polymers can significantly improve the antiproliferative activity of Dox in HepG2 cell lines only, whereas the cytotoxic activity of Oxa resulted as enhanced in both cell lines. The peptide or amino acid functionalized CyD polymers, loaded with Dox, did not show any additional effect compared to the precursor polymer. Finally, studies of Dox uptake showed that the higher antiproliferative activity of complexes correlates with the higher accumulation of Dox inside the cells. The results show that CyD polymers could be used as carriers for repositioning classical anticancer drugs such as Dox or Oxa to increase their antitumor activity.