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Ectodermal dysplasia represents a group of inherited conditions in which two or more ectodermally derived anatomical structures fail to develop resulting in most notably anhidrosis/hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis and hypodontia. It is a xlinked recessive disorder with male predominance. We report a classical case in a 17-year-old male with emphasis on review of literature and latest updates.
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Context: Nidogen-2 (NID-2) hypermethylation has been implicated in many types of cancers, such as lung, bladder, and gastric carcinomas. However, its role has not yet been studied adequately in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). HNSCCs constituting a major portion of the global cancer load, it is of importance to diagnose and treat them at earliest. This systematic review was performed to assess the role of NID-2 in HNSCCs and assess its utility as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was performed across multiple databases to identify studies pertaining to analysis of expression or methylation of NID-2 in HNSCCs. The sample size, type of cancer/premalignant condition studied, type of tissue/fluid analysed, and the various methodologies used and their results were extracted. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021245326. Results: Four studies were identified after a systematic search of literature. The studies analysed NID-2 expression or methylation in conditions such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). NID-2 was found to be a highly specific marker for HNSCCs, and serum NID-2 levels also correlated with poor survival. Conclusion: Data from the reviewed studies indicate that hypermethylation of NID-2 is highly specific for HNSCC. The high specificity is maintained in salivary and serum samples, facilitating accurate and non-invasive prognostication of HNSCC. The relatively lower sensitivity of NID-2 methylation may be overcome by analysing it along with a panel of multiple biomarkers such as HOX-A2 and YKL20.
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BACKGROUND: Cyclin D1 is derived from PRAD1 or CCND1 gene located on chromosome 11q13 and it acts as a positive regulator of the cell cycle. In normal cells, cyclin D1 promotes progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Over expression of cyclin D1 may lead to shortening of G1 phase, increased cell proliferation and reduced dependency on growth factors. Over expression of cyclin D1 has been reported in various tumors like esophageal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, and head and neck carcinoma. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study was carried out to evaluate and compare the expression of Cyclin D1 in premalignant lesion and different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 75 histopathologically diagnosed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral premalignant lesions cases were evaluated immunohistochemically for cyclin D1 expression. RESULTS: We found that cyclin D1 protein expression was significantly altered from epithelial dysplasia to oral squamous cell carcinomas. CONCLUSION: Thus we can conclude that cyclin D1 may be a useful marker in the cases of oral precancer and cancer. It can also act as a potential target for molecular intervention studies in future.
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In today's era of forensic investigations, hard copies of forensic data have been replaced by digital records. However, wide availability of image processing software makes digital image manipulation an easy and low-cost way to distort or conceal facts. This review article aims to understand fraudulence in the digital records in forensic odontology and the various ways to detect as well as prevent it to an appreciable extent. Types of image fraudulence, ways to detect this fraudulence, and measures to prevent it to an appreciable extent have been discussed. Knowledge about digital image fraudulence, detection, and prevention is the desperate need of the hour in today's technology-driven forensic investigations. This review article attempts to focus on this pestering issue and aid the evolving technologies driven by great needs for valid forensic technique trying to claw out their way through the malignant fraudulence rooted in today's evolving digitization.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the ability to self-renew and are present in most tissues including breast, brain, lung, head and neck, prostates, testis, ovary, esophagus, colon and liver. Their origin is yet to be discovered though a series of hypotheses have been proposed in this regard. CSCs play a role in not only the creation of cancer but also its evolution, metastasis and recurrence. CSCs have an important role in cancer therapy and the resistance toward chemotherapeutic agents. This article reviews the characteristics of CSCs in terms of origin, methods of isolation and cancer therapy.
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Collagen is a unique, triple helical molecule which forms the major part of extracellular matrix. It is the most abundant protein in the human body, representing 30% of its dry weight. It is the fibrous structural protein that makes up the white fibers (collagen fibers) of skin, tendons, bones, cartilage and all other connective tissues. Collagens are not only essential for the mechanical resistance and resilience of multicellular organisms, but are also signaling molecules defining cellular shape and behavior. The human body has at least 16 types of collagen, but the most prominent types are I, II and III. Collagens are produced by several cell types and are distinguishable by their molecular compositions, morphologic characteristics, distribution, functions and pathogenesis. This is the major fibrous glycoprotein present in the extracellular matrix and in connective tissue and helps in maintaining the structural integrity of these tissues. It has a triple helical structure. Various studies have proved that mutations that modify folding of the triple helix result in identifiable genetic disorders. Collagen diseases share certain similarities with autoimmune diseases, because autoantibodies specific to each collagen disease are produced. Therefore, this review highlights the role of collagen in normal health and also the disorders associated with structural and functional defects in collagen.
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Odontogenic lesions are derived from remnants of the components of the developing tooth germ. The calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour (CCOT) is a benign cystic neoplasm of odontogenic origin that is characterized by ameloblastoma-like epithelial cells and ghost cells. Most peripheral CCOTs are located in the anterior gingiva of the mandible or maxilla. This is a rare case report of CCOT. The rare feature in our case was its peripheral nature of existence and its location in the left buccal vestibule and retromolar region. Based on the radiological, cytological and histopathological findings the lesion was surgically excised.
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Salivary gland swellings can result from tumors, an inflammatory process or cysts. It can sometimes be difficult to establish; whether pathology arises from the salivary gland itself or adjacent structures. Neoplasms of the salivary glands account for less than 1% of all tumors, 3-5% of all head and neck tumors and benign pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of minor salivary glands arising de novo is very rare. PA is the most common tumor of the salivary gland. While the majority arises from the parotid gland, only a small percentage arises from the buccal minor salivary gland. A case of PA of minor salivary glands in the buccal mucosa in a 70-year-old female is discussed. It includes review of literature, clinical features, histopathology, radiological findings and treatment of the tumor; with emphasis on diagnosis.
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Inverted papilloma is a benign epithelial growth in the underlying stroma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The pathogenesis of this lesion remains unclear although allergy, chronic sinusitis and viral infections have been suggested as possible causes. The tumor is well known for its invasiveness, tendency to recur and association with malignancy. Recurrence rates of inverted papilloma are unacceptably high, which actually represents residual disease in most cases. In this study, we have presented a case report and reviewed the histological features of sinonasal inverted papilloma.
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Chondroblastic osteosarcoma (COS), a subgroup of intramedullary osteosarcoma (OS), is the most common osteosarcoma that occurs in adolescents and early adulthood. The COS has similar clinical and radiological features to those of conventional OS. We present a case of 20-year-old male patient with the chief complaint of pain and swelling in the left zygomatic region. The computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) CT face showed erosion, calcific foci, sunray type of spicules suggestive of OS. On fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) examination, initial diagnosis was malignant chondroid lesion, with differential diagnosis of mesenchymal chrondrosarcoma, COS on incisional biopsy and finally COS on excisional biopsy. The patient underwent radical resection of left zygomatic arch, followed by chemotherapy. Although clinically unsuspected in this unusual site, histopathology along with immunohistochemistry (IHC) results confirmed the COS. Because zygomatic location of COS is very rare, this report aimed to discuss clinical, radiographic, histopathologic, IHC findings and diagnostic pitfalls of COS in light of the literature.
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This article emphasizes the basis for origin and importance of tumor patterns in diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial tumors. In this article, histological patterns and subpatterns of head and neck tumors are enlisted. Although, undifferentiated tumors remain a challenge to the histopathologist, by describing the histological patterns and the subpatterns of the tumors, an attempt has been made for the diagnosis of the tumors and subsequently for implementation of precise treatment plan for the same.
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BACKGROUND: In large scale disasters associated with fire the damage caused by heat can make medico legal identification of human remains difficult. Teeth, restorations, and prostheses all of which are resistant to quite high temperatures and can be used as aids in identification process. AIM: Aim of the study was to investigate the macroscopic and microscopic changes of teeth and several dental filling materials exposed to a range of high temperature (200-800°C). Dental restorations include filling materials, crown, and bridges. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Restored and unrestored teeth were placed in a furnace and heated at a rate of 30°C/min and the effects of the predetermined temperatures 200, 400, 600, and 800°C were observed. Macroscopic and stereo microscope findings were observed. RESULTS: Our results showed that teeth and restorative materials resist higher temperatures than theoretically predicted and that even when a restoration is lost because of detachment or change of state, its ante-mortem presence can be confirmed and detected by stereo microscopic examination of the residual cavity. CONCLUSION: We further conclude that a reasonably reliable estimation of the temperature of exposure can be made from an analysis of the teeth and restorative materials.
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Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a benign lesion characterized by the accumulation of plump cells with abundant granular cytoplasm. The formation of a granular cell tumor is a neoplastic process and the lesions formed are of neural derivation, as supported by immunophenotypic and ultra structural evidence. This type of tumor has been found to be both benign and malignant although malignancy is rare and comprises only 2% of all granular cell tumors. Here we report a case of GCT in a 40 year old male patient on the posterolateral border of tongue.
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The objective of this review is to introduce Merkel cells (MCs), to provide a basic overview on the theoretical background of function, development and clinical importance of MCs. The origin of human MCs have been controversial. Some investigators believe that it is a neural crest derivate, whereas others have proposed that it is a differentiation product of the fetal epidermal keratinocytes. MCs are cells primarily localized in the epidermal basal layer of vertebrates and concentrated in touch-sensitive areas in glabrous, hairy skin and in some mucosa. In routine light microscopy, human MCs can hardly be identified. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) is a reliable marker with highest degree of specificity. MCs can be also distinguished by electron microscopy. MC carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and often aggressive malignancy and found mainly in elderly patients. It occurs most frequently in the head and neck region. Diagnosis is based on typical histological presentation on hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained slides together with the results of immunohistochemistry. Histologically, MCC has been classified into three distinct subtypes: Trabecular, intermediate and small cell type.
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The word chemoprevention includes prevention of initiation, promotion, and progression of carcinogenesis to cancer. This article is an attempt to review the dietary chemopreventive agents and their mode of action in chemoprevention of oral premalignant lesions and oral cancer using a systematic approach. Selected chemoprevention trials are discussed with a focus on strategies of trial design and clinical outcome. Future in the field of chemoprevention will be more promising than the recently available therapeutic alternatives.
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The congenital granular cell epulis (CGCE) is a rare tumor, which is apparent at birth. The histogenesis is still uncertain, but several theories, including origin from epithelial, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and nerve-related cells have been proposed. This case report describes management of a 2-day-old baby girl having a large, round, soft, single 3 × 4 cm, pedunculated swelling, on the lower anterior ridge, which was causing difficulty in feeding. Clinical diagnosis of congenital epulis (CE) was made and lesion was excised under conscious sedation. A vessel running over the surface of the lesion was continuous on the alveolar ridge. To reduce intra-operative hemorrhage transfixion suture was passed around the vessel on the alveolar ridge. Then the lesion was excised from the base of peduncle with a scalpel. Histopathologically, the diagnosis of a congenital granular cell lesion of the jaw was given. Follow up of 3 months shows no signs of recurrence. CGCE may interfere with feeding, requiring a conservative excision as soon as the child is fit to undergo surgery. Tendency for recurrence and malignant transformation has not been documented.
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Odontoameloblastoma (OA) is an extremely rare mixed odontogenic tumor with both epithelial and mesenchymal components. OA develops from proliferating odontogenic epithelium and mesenchymal tissue. Till date, around 20 cases have fulfilled the histologic criteria of the current World Health Organization (WHO) histologic classification of odontogenic tumors. It affects predominantly young patients with a median age of 20.12 years, and has a predilection for males and occurs in posterior segments of either jaw with slight inclination for mandible. Review of literature shows only three reported cases in the anterior mandible. Here, we report a case of OA in the anterior mandible.
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Metastatic tumors of oral cavity are uncommon and may occur in oral soft tissues or jaw bones. Because of their rarity, metastasis to oral cavity are challenging to diagnose and difficult to treat. They often have vague symptoms that mimic dental infections. These lesions generally show poorly differentiated histopathologic picture and have poor prognosis. We reported a case of a 40-year-old male patient of metastatic lesion to the oral cavity and brain with primary tumor, diagnosed as an undifferentiated epithelial malignancy of lung.
