Nanoparticle-Based Rice Husk Liquid Smoke as Periodontitis Therapy through OPG, RANK, and RANKL Expression.

Introduction: Periodontitis therapy employing nanomaterials with submicron sizes holds promise for enhancing osteogenesis and facilitating periodontal cell proliferation. This study aims to assess the potential of nanoparticle-based rice husk liquid smoke (n-RHLS) in an animal model of periodontitis by evaluating the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kß (RANK), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kß ligand (RANKL). Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were inoculated with 109 CFU/ml of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the sulcus mandibular incisor region to create periodontitis and subsequently treated with n-RHLS while the control with saline. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the mandibular incisor to assess OPG, RANK, and RANKL expression 2 and 7 days after treatment. Results: OPG expression exhibited a significant increase at both 2 and 7 days, while RANKL expression decreased notably after 7 days of treatment using n-RHLS (p < 0.05). In contrast, RANK expression did not show significant differences compared to the control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Nanostructured liquid smoke derived from rice husk nanoparticles (n-RHLS) demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent for periodontitis, especially on OPG/RANK/RANKL expression, by modulating OPG and RANKL expression to support periodontal tissue health.

The EGCG and α-Mangosteen Stimulate SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 Metabolite Concentration.

OBJECTIVE: Stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) metabolites are secreted molecules from SHED, namely cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. The metabolite can be used in various regenerative therapy based on cell-free immunomodulatory potential effects, like interleukin 10 (IL-10) and LL37. This molecule can stimulate with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and α-mangosteen and has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. This study aimed to identify the effect of EGCG and α-mangosteen to SHED metabolite, called SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37, from six passages to obtain the optimum stimulation and able to use as periodontitis regeneration treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The six different passages of SHED were prepared in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and added with EGCG 80% (10 µM), EGCG 95% (10 µM), or α-mangosteen (10 µM). After a 24 hours incubation, each passage was measured with the metabolite concentration, SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37, with human IL-10 and LL37 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each different concentration was then analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The addition of EGCG 95% is able to stimulate the SHED-IL10 optimum concentration in passage 1 (p < 0.01). But, in the different conditions, the addition of EGCG 80%, EGCG 95%, and α-mangosteen was able to stimulate the SHED-LL37 optimum concentration in passage 2 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The addition of EGCG and α-mangosteen can stimulate the SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 concentrations. These two metabolites are promising as regenerative therapy through anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Antibacterial effect of a gingival patch containing nano-emulsion of red dragon fruit peel extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum assessed in vitro.

Background: The most common bacteria causing periodontitis were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. At present, plants are considered a valuable source of natural materials for use in the development of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Hylocereus plyrhizus or red dragon fruit peel extract (RDFPE) contains terpenoids, and flavonoids can be an alternative. The gingival patch (GP) has been designed to ensure drug delivery and absorption into tissue targets. Objective: To assess the effect of a mucoadhesive gingival patch containing nano-emulsion of red dragon fruit peel extract (GP-nRDFPE) in inhibiting Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as compared to control groups. Material and method: Inhibition by diffusion method was carried out in Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans medium. The test material was gingival patch mucoadhesive containing nano-emulsion red dragon fruit peel extract (GP-nRDFPR), gingival patch mucoadhesive containing red dragon fruit peel extract (GP-RDFPE), gingival patch mucoadhesive containing doxycycline (GP-dcx) and blank gingival patch (GP), conducted in four replications. The differences in the inhibition were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Result: GP-nRDFPE showed higher inhibition in Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum compared to GP-RDFPE at the concentrations 3.125% and 6.25% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The GP-nRDFPE showed better anti-periodontic bacteria to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in line with its concentration. This is assumed that the GP-nRDFPE can use as periodontitis treatment.

Nanoparticles of Liquid Smoke Rice Husk Inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis.

OBJECTIVE: Utilization of liquid smoke rice husk can be used as an alternative treatment because of the antimicrobial properties. Advances in drug delivery systems are increasingly developing to increase the bioavailability of drugs and reduce the side effects of these drugs, namely nanoparticles. In this study, nanoparticles of liquid smoke rice husk (nLSRH) were tested the antimicrobial against Porphyromonas gingivalis. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This type of research is an experimental in vitro laboratory using Porphyromonas gingivalis culture. nLSRH contained liquid smoke rice husk concentration of 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5%. The antibacterial was performed using the dilution methods. RESULTS: The nLRSH concentration of 1% showed clearest medium. The highest number of colonies Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed at nLSRH concentration of 1% (40.3 colony-forming unit [CFU]) and decreased at a concentration of 2.5% (11.3 CFU); other concentration or no bacterial colony growth was found. The nLSRH concentration of 2.5% can be determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration and nLSRH concentration of 5% can be determined as the minimum bactericidal concentration. CONCLUSION: nLSRH have antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis. This finding able to drive the next research to develop nLSRH as gingival and periodontitis disease is caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Osteoblast Viability of Liquid Smoke Rice Hull and Nanoparticles Form as Periodontitis Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Rice husk liquid smoke nanoparticles have the potential to be developed as a drug because they have anti-inflammatory effects that can modulate the process of osteoblast stimulation through osteoblast stimulation by thorough small size and enter cells easily. The osteoblast is the key of alveolar regeneration in periodontitis treatment. This present study analyzed the differences of liquid smoke rice husk and nanoparticles of liquid smoke rice husk on osteoblast viability as periodontitis treatment MATERIALS AND METHODS: The liquid smoke rice husk was obtained from the pyrolysis process. The nanoparticles were made with chitosan, maltodextrin, and difference of concentration of liquid smoke rice husk (such as 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5%). The viability of osteoblast was analyzed by 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data were analyzed using independent t-test to analyze the differences between liquid smoke rice husk and nanoparticles of liquid smoke rice husk, the significant was set a p<0.05. RESULT: The nanoparticles of liquid smoke rice husk showed higher osteoblast viability compared liquid smoke rice husk. The nanoparticles' concentration of 5, 7.5, and 10% showed higher osteoblast viability compared liquid smoke rice husk (p = 0.002, 0.000, and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The nanoparticles of liquid smoke rice husk showed higher viability of osteoblast. This confirmed that the nanoparticles were able to reduce the toxicity in the higher concentration of liquid smoke of rice husk.

The use of mucoadhesive oral patches containing epigallocatechin-3-gallate to treat periodontitis: an in vivo study.

Objectives: The application of topical drugs such as mucoadhesive oral patches (MOPs) do not irritate the mucosa and are able to increase the permeability of drugs to oral tissue. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an active ingredient that exhibits significant antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the therapeutic potential of a mucoadhesive oral patch containing EGCG (MOP-EGCG) in a model of periodontitis and investigate its effects on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa Β ligand (RANKL) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK). Methods: A model of periodontitis was induced in Rattus novergicus used Porphyromonas gingivalis by applying 0.03 ml of bacteria locally with 1 × 1010 colony-forming units (CFU) seven times at 2-day intervals in the central lower incisors. Periodontitis was then treated with MOP (control), a mucoadhesive oral patch containing doxycycline (MOP-doxy) or MOP-EGCG for 1 h/day for 21 days. On days 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 after treatment, the central lower incisor was biopsied and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for RANK/RANKL and OPG expression in the gingiva tissue. Results: MOP-EGCG extract significantly reduced the expression of RANKL and increased the expression of OPG and RANK (p < 0.05) when compared to the MOP-doxy and MOP groups. Conclusion: MOP-EGCG extract reduced the expression of RANKL and increased the expression of OPG and RANK, thus suggesting that MOP-EGCG can inhibit the loss of alveolar bone in periodontitis.

The ability of mucoadhesive gingival patch loaded with EGCG on IL-6 and IL-10 expression in periodontitis.

Objectives: The mucoadhesive gingival patch is a topical drug delivery process it does not cause any irritation in the mucosa. EGCG (Epigallocatechin-3-gallate) it has potent antioxidant, antiangiogenic and antitumor effects. The present study investigates the ability of mucoadhesive gingival patch loaded with EGCG on periodontitis and its impact on IL-6 and IL-10 expression. Method: Periodontitis model was developed in Wistar rat by induction of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Application of mucoadhesive gingival patch loaded with EGCG (GP-EGCG), mucoadhesive gingival patch loaded with doxycycline (GP-doxy) and blank patch, was done for treated periodontitis 1 h each day during 21 days. Indirect immunohistochemical analysis of IL-6 and IL-10 expressions were analyzed in the mandibular preparation of the anterior incisive region of animal. Results: The GP-EGCG treatment for 3 days until 21 days, consistently increased the IL-10 expression in periodontitis (p < 0.05). In other hand, GP-EGCG treatment lowered the IL-6 expression after 7, 14 and 21 days (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The GP-EGCG is promising for the periodontitis treatment by interfere the IL-6 and IL-10 expression.

Oral Microbiome Profiles and Inflammation in Pregnant Women Who Used Orthodontic Appliances.

It is common for women to undergo orthodontic treatment during pregnancy, especially through the use of fixed orthodontic devices. In changing the oral microbiome profile, it is crucial to increase the immune responses of pregnant women using fixed orthodontics; however, changes in the microbiomes of pregnant women with orthodontic appliances can be adjusted. Therefore, we aimed to conduct research on the oral cavity microbiome profiles, specifically IL-6 and TNF-α, of pregnant women using fixed orthodontic appliances. We proposed an observational analysis of 30 third-trimester pregnant women. OHI-S was recorded, saliva collection was performed using the passive drool method for IL-6 and TNF-α, and analysis and mucosal swabs were used to determine the oral microbiome profile. Kruskal−Wallis and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to identify any significant differences with values of p < 0.05. Of these pregnant women, those with orthodontic appliances developed 10 types of bacteria at similar levels (>80%) from the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Veillonella. There was no difference between the oral microbiomes of the control group and the pregnant women with a history of orthodontic appliance use. While the level of TNF-α in the women with orthodontic appliances was higher compared with the control group who had never used orthodontic appliances (p < 0.05), there was no difference in the IL-6 levels. The IL-6 and microbiome profile produced normal results, so the use of orthodontic appliances during pregnancy should be allowed with conditions. Pregnant women with orthodontic appliances must keep the oral cavity clean and their appliances well-maintained to avoid oral problems.

New insight into the role of a combination of zinc oxide and turmeric rhizome liquid extract in osteogenic marker expression.

Aim: This research was aimed to determine the potential for treating osteogenesis with a combination of zinc oxide and turmeric (ZOT) rhizome liquid extract. Setting and Design: In vivo, post test-control group design. Material and Methods: The mandibular incisors of Wistar rats were extracted and left untreated or received an application of zinc oxideeugenol (ZOE) 10% or ZOT rhizome liquid extract at various concentrations (10%, 20%, and 40%). The mandible was then subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to detect RUNX2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD using SPSS software. Results: All groups demonstrated increasing RUNX2 and ALP activity. ZOT 40% showed the highest activity in all groups on day 3 and day 7, although there were no significant differences with ZOE 10%. Conclusion: A combination of ZOT rhizome liquid extract can induce the osteogenic process in postextraction sockets. The results highlight the need for further investigation of the potential osteogenesis of curcumin in humans.

Growth factor stimulation for the healing of traumatic ulcers with liquid rice hull smoke.

OBJECTIVE: The healing process of a traumatic ulcer requires growth factors to rebuild the lost tissue after the inflammatory process has been completed. Liquid rice hull smoke (LR-HS) has shown unique anti-inflammatory properties. This study analyses the role of LR-HS in growth factor stimulation for the healing of traumatic ulcers, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and collagen type 1 (COL-1) expression. METHODS: We obtained LR-HS from the pyrolysis of rice hulls. Traumatic ulcers were created in the labial fornix incisive inferior of Wistar rats and treated with LR-HS once a day for 3, 5, and 7 days. The control group was treated with sterile water. Each animal was sacrificed after treatment, and its labial fornix incisive inferior tissues were biopsied and immunohistochemically stained to examine FGF, VEGF, PDGF, and COL-1 expression. RESULT: The treatment of traumatic ulcers with LR-HS showed an increase in FGF, VEGF, PDGF, and COL-1 expression. VEGF expression increased under LR-HS treatment compared with the control 7-day treatment groups (p < 0.000). FGF and COL-1 expression increased under LR-HS treatment compared with the control 5- and 7-day treatment groups (p < 0.000). PDGF expression increased after treatment with LR-HS for 3, 5, and 7 days (p < 0.000). CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that LR-HS can induce the expression of growth factors during the healing of a traumatic ulcer using immunohistochemical staining. We suggest that LR-HS can be used as a herbal medicine for oral ulcer therapy.

The Role of Rice Hull Liquid Smoke in the Traumatic Ulcer Healing.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to prove the role of rice hull liquid smoke (RH-LS) on lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) expression during traumatic ulcer healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The RH-LS was obtained from the pyrolysis process. Traumatic ulcers were made 10 mm along the labial fornix incisive inferior of Wistar rat using a round stainless-steel blade. In control group, traumatic ulcers were treated using sterile water, and meanwhile in experimental group were treated using RH-LS once a day for 3, 5, and 7 days. After treatment, animal was terminated and their labial fornix incisive inferior tissues were biopsy and stained using hematoxylin and eosin staining to determine lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. The IL-6 and TGF-ß expressions were analyzed used immunohistochemistry staining. RESULT: The lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts were higher in the RH-LS group for 3-, 5-, and 7-day treatment (p < 0.05). The IL-6 expression was higher only in the 5-day treatment, and the TGF-ß expression was higher in the 3- and 7-day treatment. CONCLUSION: The RH-LS able to accelerated the traumatic ulcer healing by increasing the number of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, IL-6, and TGF-ß expression.

Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis.

Periodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate the innate immune system to release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to more progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation. This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E2 trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of COL1A1 and COL11A1 in Class II Skeletal Malocclusion of Ethnic Javanese Patient.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of malocclusion cases in the orthodontic specialist clinic in Airlangga University's Dental Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, in 2014-2016 is fairly high, as 55.34% of the occurrences were identified as class II skeletal malocclusion. This type of skeletal malocclusion, which is usually recognized in adults, occurs as a result of variation during growth and development. Lately, there have been many reports on gene polymorphisms of COL1A1 and COL11A1, which are assumed to be associated with class II skeletal malocclusion in Caucasians. PURPOSE: This study aims to analyze the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of COL1A1 and COL11A1 with class II skeletal malocclusion in Javanese ethnic group patients with mandibular micrognathism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diagnosis of class II skeletal malocclusion was established using the lateral cephalometric radiographs (ANB angle ≥4°) (n=50). DNA was extracted from the patient's peripheral blood. After that, PCR, electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing were conducted on the extracted DNA based on COL1A1 and COL11A1 primers. RESULTS: The SNPs in COL1A1 are c.20980G/A in 27 patients and c.20980G>A in 8 patients, whereas SNPs in COL11A1 are both c.134373C/A and c.134555C/T in 8 patients and both c.[134373A>C] and c.134582G>A in 10 patients. All samples show the deletion (c.[134227delA]) in COL11A1. CONCLUSION: SNPs in COL1A1 and COL11A1 have been found in class II skeletal malocclusion of Javanese ethnic group patients. Seventy percent of SNPs in COL1A1 occur in rs.2249492, whereas 36% of newly discovered SNPs appear in COL11A1. All samples also have deletion in COL11A1.