[Genetic analysis of various behavioral and physiologic characteristics in hybrids between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Analysis of reciprocal differences]. / Geneticheski analiz nekotorykh povedencheskikh i fiziologicheskikh priznakov u gibridov gipertenzivnykh i normotenzivnykh krys. Analiz retsiproknykh razlichii.

As a result of reciprocal crosses between the SHR rats (spontaneously hypertensive strain) and WKY rats (normotensive strain), two types each of the F1 and F2 hybrids and 4 types of backcrosses were obtained. Analysis of reciprocal differences carries out in these generations for a number of behavioral and physiological traits demonstrated linkage of an hereditary factor affecting expression of potassium appetite with the Y-chromosome. The maternal effect contrary to the action of chromosomal hereditary factors was established for locomotor activity in the peripheral zone of open field. This maternal effect was manifested in the F1 and F2 generations, but not in backcrosses.

[Genetic analysis of various behavioral and physiologic characteristics in hybrids between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Analysis of correlational connections]. / Geneticheskii analiz nekotorykh povedencheskikh i fizioiogicheskikh priznakov u gibridov gipertenzivenykh i normotenzivnykh krys. Analiz korreliatsionnykh sviazei.

Hereditary links between different behavioral and physiological traits were studied in rat strains SHR, WKY and their hybrids F1 and F2 by analysis of correlations in segregating and nonsegregating gene-rations. Genetic correlation of arterial pressure with body mass, intake of KC1 solution and the ability to avoidance learning (directed positively) and with characteristics of exploratory activity (directed negatively) was shown. These traits seemed to be possible genetic markers of arterial hypertension. Genetical correlates of the ability to elaborate active avoidance conditional reaction (arterial pressure and pain sensitivity) testify to relief of active avoidance learning in animals with inherited active-defensive type of behaviour, manifested by predisposition to pressor reactions and by suppressed emotional reactions to pain stimulation. Frequency in intertrial crossings during avoidance training displays positive correlation with characteristics of exploratory behaviour. Positive correlation between different characteristics of exploratory activity was established both in segregating and nonsegregating generations.

[Genetic analysis of some behavioral and physiologic characters in hybrids between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Analysis of the nature of the inheritance]. / Geneticheskii analiz nekotorykh povedencheskikh i fiziologicheskikh priznakov u gibridov gipertenzivnykh i normotenzivnykh krys.Analiz kharaktera nasledovaniia.

As a result of crosses between the SHR rats (spontaneously hypertensive strain) and WKY rats (normotensive strain), the F1 and F2 hybrids and the B1 and B2 backcrosses were obtained. Analysis of genetic control nature in these generations revealed that the WKY genes responsible for the level of arterial pressure, sensitivity to the electric current stimulation and salt (sodium and potassium) appetite characteristics were dominant. The heterosis effect was found for the body mass. Analysis of dynamics of different types of exploratory activity (in a shuttle box, in "horizontal plane", in an open field) demonstrated specificity of their genetic formulae and peculiarities of changes in their genetic control during the test.

[The behavioral characteristics of rats selected for their learning capacity]. / Osobennosti povedeniia krys, selektirovannykh po sposobnosti k obucheniiu.

Experiments were conducted in rat strains selected for high (KHA) and low (KLA) levels of the elaboration of conditioned reflex of active avoidance in shuttle box. KHA rats, as compared with the KLA ones, showed considerably higher indices of learning the shuttle avoidance, a greater number of intersignal runs during learning, a higher level of motor activity under open field conditions and its more marked extinction. These data point at the role of both associative and non-associative processes in the formation of active avoidance reflex. During 5 days of reflex training the rats of both strains retained a high level of defecation until the end of the test that pointed at the emotional strain unceasing in spite of the automatization of the reflex.

[The characteristics of shuttle avoidance learning in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats]. / Osobennosti obucheniia chelnochnomu izbeganiiu spontanno gipertenzivnykh i normotenzivnykh krys.

In spontaneously hypertensive (strain SHR) and normotensive (strain WKY) rats was studied the elaboration of conditioned reflex of active avoidance in shuttle box. In case when the shuttle box was divided by a partition the SHR rats learned worse than WKY rats. In shuttle chamber without partition the SHR rats, on the contrary, learned better that WKY ones. Such character of interlinear differences can be connected with properties of formation of the instrumental habit of deliverance from electropainful stimulus, because the presence of partition significantly hampered its fulfillment. The obtained results, compared with literature data, testify to the fact that differences of SHR and WKY rats in elaboration of conditioned reflexes are explained basically by the properties of their unconditioned activity and not of the associative processes.

[A genetic correlational analysis of the behavioral and physiological characteristics of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)]. / Genetiko-korreliatsionnyi analiz nekotorykh povedencheskikh i fiziologicheskikh osobennostei spontanno gipertenzivnykh krys (SHR).

The SHR rats differ from normotensive WKY rats in a number of behavioral and physiological traits. In order to determine causal or accidental nature of relationships between these traits and hypertension, their correlations with arterial pressure level in the 2nd generation of SHR x WKY hybrids (F2), were studied. A positive correlation of body mass and characteristics of potassium appetite with a level of blood pressure corresponding to interstrain differences between SHR and WKY rats was found in F2 population showing genetic connection of these traits with hypertension. The negative correlation in F2 between open-field activity and arterial pressure was opposite to interstrain differences and environmental correlation (within parental strains and F1 hybrids). It seemed to be caused by prevalence of environmental correlation or of accidental fixation of this trait in SHR strain over the genetic connection found in F2 hybrids.

[Behavioral and metabolic features of spontaneously hypertensive rats]. / Povedencheskie i metabolicheskie osobennosti spontanno gipertenzivnykh krys.

12-week old spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats in comparison with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats had an enhanced behavioural activity associated with exploratory motivation and a lower one associated with the fear motivation, their daily activity and the activity associated with alternating illumination were also higher whereas their defecation was lower. No difference in oxygen metabolism was found at 12 weeks of age. 20-week SHR rats had a higher common oxygen consumption and lower pO2 and blood circulation velocity in the sensomotor area of the brain cortex.

[Structural characteristics of the hippocampus in various strains of rats and mice]. / Osobennosti struktury gippokampa krys i myshei raznykh linii.

Original data together with those from literature are presented concerning structural peculiarities of the hippocamp in rats and mice. Structural differences are revealed not only in these species, but in separate strains from a single species. Fine structural differences may account for different modes of realization of the behavioural reaction.

[The features of the hippocampal structure as a neuroanatomical basis for differences in behavior]. / Nekotorye osobennosti v strukture gippokampa kak neiroanatomicheskaia osnova razlichii v povedenii.

Neuromorphological and behavioural studies have been made on several strains of mice (C57B1, DBA/2, SEC) and on the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus. It was shown that animals with different genotypes differ by the size of fascia dentata and by the extension of the pyramidal layer in CA3 field of the hippocamp. Animals with a higher learning capacity exhibited smaller layer of granular cells in the fascia dentata, which may be due to a lower density of neurones in this region. Terminals of the mossy fibers--the axons of granular cells--were found mainly on the apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells in CA3 field. On the contrary, in animals with lower capacities to learning, mossy fiber terminals were observed mainly on the basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells, the extent of the granular layer in these animals being significantly larger.

[Comparative genetic analysis of the excitability of the nervous system and of certain types of motor activity in rats]. / Sravnitel'no-geneticheskii analiz vozbudimosti nervnoi sistemy i nekotorykh vidov dvigatel'noi aktivnosti u krys.

The significant correspondence between neural excitability and investigatory activity in novel environments was demonstrated when studying in four selected rat strains. In order to explain this kind of correlated response, one should assume that the interstrain differences between other peripheral and central parts of neural system also exist.

[Genetic relationship between the neurological (excitability thresholds) and the behavioral characteristics of mouse strains and their hybrids]. / Izuchenie geneticheskoi zavisimosti mezhdu neirologicheskimi (porogi vozbudimosti) i povedencheskimi osobennostiami u linii myshei i ikh gibridov.

The comparative genetic analysis of 16 inbred mouse strains was carried out for excitability thresholds of peripherical parts of the nervous system, viability to learning, short-term memory and exploratory activity in different experimental conditions. The high positive correlation was shown between excitability thresholds of different parts of the peripherical nervous system, the high negative correlation being established between excitability thresholds, viability to learning, short-term memory and exploratory activity. The data led to the conclusion about the existence of the pleiotropic effect of genes controlling the excitability thresholds, on peculiarities of behaviour. This was confirmed by the findings obtained in the study of various hybrids, which point to the similar way of inheritance of excitability thresholds and behavioural patterns.

[Parameters of the functional state of the nervous system and of behavioral characteristics in relation to their hereditary causality in inbred mice. II. Correlation of the threshold of neuromuscular excitation with behavioral indices in mice]. / Issledovanie nekotorykh parametrov funkstional'nogo sostoianiia nervnoi sistemy i osobennostei povedeniia v sviazi s ikh nasledstvenno i obuslovlennost'iu u inbrednykh linii myshei. Soobshchenie II. Korreliatsiia poroga nervno-myshechnoi vozbudimosti s nekotorymi povedencheskimi pokazateliam u myshei.

The existence of reliable negative connection between the threshold of nervous-muscle excitability and the short-term motor activity defined in the shuttle box is demonstrated in 7 inbred strains of mice: C57Br/cdJ, SEC/1ReJ, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, CBA/J, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ by means of comparative genetic and correlation analyses. Based on the experimental data, arguments are given that the excitability of nervous-muscle apparatus is connected not only with the motor activity itself, but with the orientation-exploring reaction, which takes place under unknown situation at the very beginning of the experiment. The comparison of the results obtained with the literary data leads to the conclusion about the existence of a positive correlation between excitability and viability to learning.