[Efficacy of multifactorial preventive interventions in achievement of target levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in survivors of myocardial infarction]. / Effektivnost' mnogofaktornykh profilakticheskikh vmeshatel'stv v dostizhenii tselevogo urovnia kholesterina lipoproteidov nizkoi plotnosti u bol'nykh, perenesshikh infarkt miokarda.

AIM: To assess Efficacy of multifactorial preventive Interventions in achievement of target levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in survivors of myocardial infarction. METHODS: Design of the study was open randomized comparative prospective. Two groups of patients with history of myocardial infarction were formed ("active intervention", n=88, "observation", n=48) and followed for 12 months. All interventions consisted in recommendatory and expository measures. Achievement of target low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLCH) levels, modifiable risk factors, blood lipids spectrum were assessed in 2-3, 5-6 and 12 months of observation. RESULTS: Overall effect of undertaken multifactorial intervention on modifiable risk factors was positive. By the end of the period of observation number of risk factors per patient decreased from 3.8+/-0.99 to 2.8+/-1.29 (p<0.05). However target levels parameters in many cases were not reached. About half of patients could not decrease consumption of saturated fats and cholesterol, nearly 25% continued to smoke. More than 55% maintained excessive weight and 64% had abdominal obesity. Among patients of "observation" group only 5 (4.2%) began to take lipid lowering drugs. In active intervention group average LDLCH lowering was 23%, 38% of patients received lipid lowering drugs and 44% (of those who completed the study) achieved target LDLCH levels.

[Studies of the morphology of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone levels in the blood of rats in experiments on "Kosmos-1667" and "Kosmos-1887"]. / Morfologiia shchitovidnoi zhelezy i soderzhanie tireoidnykh gormonov v krovi u krys v éksperimentakh na biosputnikakh "Kosmos-1667" i "Kosmos-1887".

Using histological, electron microscopic, and biochemical (measurement of total thyroxine, free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in plasma) method, thyroid glands of 17 male rats of the Wistar SPF strain flown for 7 days on Cosmos-1667 and for 13 days on Cosmos-1887 were investigated. It was found that a longer exposure to space flight effects (for 13 days) led to a thyroid activity decline (significant reduction of thyrocyte size and nuclear area, accumulation of colloid drops in the cytoplasm, decrease of iodinated thyroglobulins in the colloid, etc.) together with a substantial decrease of T4 and T3 in plasma. The above structural and functional changes in the thyroid gland and hormonal status are characteristic of a moderate stress-reaction and reflect variations of the early and intermediate stages of adaptation to microgravity during 7- and 13-day space flights.

[The C-cell system of the thyroid in rats following a flight on the Kosmos 1667 biosatellite]. / Sistema C-keltok shchitovidnoi zhelezy u krys posle poleta na biosputnike "Kpsmos-1667".

Histological, electron-microscopic and morphometric investigations of the thyroid gland of Wistar SPF male rats (aged 3 months) flown for 7 days on Cosmos-1667 showed that its parenchyma was functionally active and changed but little as compared to the controls. However, at an acute stage of adaptation to microgravity C-cells showed morphological signs of their functional decline: the number of low activity cells and cells whose cytoplasm contained secretory granules increased, the volume of nuclei decreased significantly (by 16.2% as compared to the control), and dystrophic changes seen ultrastructurally appeared. These observations together with the results obtained in prolonged animal flights suggest that in microgravity the synthesis and excretion of the hormone calcitonin diminish. In combination with other factors, the functional decline of C-cells inhibits bone neoformation and enhances bone resorption.

[Structural characteristics of the thyroid and parathyroid C cells of monkeys during head-down tilt hypokinesia]. / Strukturnye osobennosti C-kletok shchitovidnoi zhelezy i parashchitovidnykh zhelez obez'ian pri antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

Eight monkeys Macaca rhesus were exposed to head-down tilt for 7 days and to clinostatic hypokinesia for 7 days with subsequent 12-day head-down tilt. C cells of the thyroid gland and the parathyroid glands of 5 control and 8 experimental monkeys were investigated histologically, morphometrically and electron-microscopically. On the 7th tilt day the C cell population increased, their nuclei grew significantly, synthesis activated, and secretory granules accumulated. By day 19 most C cells were in the secretion stage. Morphological signs of an increased functional activity of the thyroid gland were seen on experimental day 7 and those of the parathyroid gland on day 19, both in light and electron microscopies. Taking into account the antagonism of C cells and parathyroid glands, it can be assumed that the hypocalcemic effect of calcitonin plays a part in the stimulation of parathyroid glands during head-down tilt.

[Morphological characteristics of the thyroid glands of Macaca rhesus monkeys normally and in different types of hypokinesia]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti shchitovidnykh zhelez obez'ian makaka reuz v norme i pri razlichnykh vidakh gipokinezii.

Thyroid glands and C-cells of Macaca rhesus were examined histologically, electron microscopically and morphometrically. The examinations were performed on 6 intact and 7 hypokinetic rhesus monkeys which were kept in a suspension device for 2 months, small cages for 2 months or in a head-down position (7 days in a horizontal position and then 11 days in a head-down position at -6 degrees). The experiment with a diminished motor activity and a normal support function of the lower limbs (maintenance in small cages), in spite of its long duration, produced no structural changes in the parenchyma or C-cells. The 18-day bed rest test was followed by a hypofunction of the thyroid gland, inhibition of hormonal synthesis and secretion without distinct changes in C-cells. Unlike previous experiments, the suspension study led to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of C-cells and increase of their nuclear volume. Activation of C-cells can be regarded as an adaptive reaction aimed at stabilizing bone calcium.

[Changes in the thyroid gland in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and corticosteroma]. / Izmeneniia shchitovidnoi zhelezy pri bolezni Itsenko-Kushinga i kortikosterome.

Histological and ultrastructural examinations and stereological analysis of the thyroid gland of 16 patients with Itsenko--Cushing disease and corticosteroma with glucocorticoid hyperproduction showed signs of a decrease in its functional activity. An increase in the colloid mass in follicles was accompanied by its irregular staining, flattening of the epithelium, lipomatosis of the stroma and ultrastructural signs of low activity of thyreocytes. The assumption of a spherical shape of the follicles was shown to be unjustified. The accurate quantitative evaluation of the structural changes in the thyroid gland requires information on the spacial organization of its components and shape of individual follicles.

[Histologic and ultrastructural features of human parathyroid cancer]. / Gistologicheskie i ul'transtrukturnye osobennosti raka okoloshchitovidnoi zhelezy cheloveka.

Histological and electron microscopic examinations of cancer of the human parathyroid gland showed different histological variants of cancer from dark chief cells to be characterized by polymorphism of the size and shape of the cells, atypical nuclei, a decreased number of organelles, increase of their polymorphism, appearance of centrioles with satellites typical of rapidly proliferating cells. Acidophilic cells of a solid variant of cancer were characterized by polymorphism of the size and shape, and the presence of a large number of mitochondria with osmiophilic or clear matrix and polymorphic cristae. All histological variants of cancer of the parathyroid gland have foci of necrosis, invasion of tumor cells into the gland capsule, and into the blood and lymph vessels.

[Electron microscopic and morphometric study of the cellular composition of several forms of goiter in man]. / Elektronnomikroskopicheskoe i morfometricheskoe issledovanie kletochnogo sostava nekotorykh form zoba u cheloveka.

According to the ultrastructural patterns four varieties of follicular cells are recognized in the cell population of the human goiter. The parenchyma of different goiters is composed of the same cell types and varieties. Goiters differ in percentages of these cells. The ultrastructure of the main cell form is correlated with the functional activity of the goiter. The "map" of cell composition of some forms of goiter is given, which may be used for a more exact diagnosis of the goiter, especially in the cases of discrepancy between the light microscopical morphological data and clinical picture of the desease.

[Ultrastructural localization of thyrocyte acid phosphatase in the presence of thyrocyte hyperfunction in rats]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia lokalizatsiia kisloi fosfatazy v tireotsitakh pri giperfunktsii shchitovidnoi zhelezy krysy.

Acid phosphatase was found by electron microscopy in the lysosomes which appeared in great numbers in the follicular cells of rat hyperplastic thyroid gland. The other types of granules (mature secretory granules and lipids) whose amounts were also greatly increased in cases of functional thyrocyte strain were also nonreactive. The lysosomes were subdivided into three main groups according to distribution of the reaction product: the lysosomes with dense homogeneous deposit and with deposit in the form of densely or loosely packed dark round granules. The lysosome heterogeneity was apparently connected with their different functions also found within the colloid droplets in the form of inclusions of rarely located dark granules. The authors believe such granules to be the result of the merging of the colloid droplets and lysosomes. The acid phosphatase of the latter participated in the hydrolysis of the product of cell secretion with the formation of active substances.

[Electron-cytochemical and morphometric study of the activity of several enzymes in thyrocyte metochondria during malignant degeneration]. / Elektronno-tsitokhimicheskoe i morfometricheskoe issledovanie aktivnosti nekotorykh fermentov v mitokhondriiakh tireotsitov v protesesse malignizatisii

Cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase activities were studied in the mitochondria of rat thyroid cell during experimental malignization by means of the electron-cytochemical and morphometric methods. The activity of these enzymes in the mitochondria changed depending on the stage of malignization: at the early stages it approached the normal activity, and at the later stages (precancer)--it decreased and approached the mitochondrial activity of cancer cells. A sharp decrease in the activity of the enzymes under study in the morphologically changed mitochondria of cancer cells may characterize their qualitative changes.

[Morphologic changes in the parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia okoloshchitovidnykh zhelez pri pervichnom giperparatireoze

On the basis of studies of the histological structure of 7 parathyreoadenomas removed in connection with primary hyperparathyroidism three types of their structure (trabecular, acinose, and solid) were singled out. As to their cellular composition, the adenomas could be divided into clear-cell and dark-cell adenomas (of main cells), oxyphilic adenomas, and adenomas of C-cells. The same cells (predominantly main clear cells) were found in the 9 studied hyperplastic parathyroid glands. Certain differences between the ultrastructure of cells of parathyreoadenomas and that of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands were established.