ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Low body iodine levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, in part through alterations in thyroid function. While this association suggested from animal studies, it lacks supportive evidence in humans. This study examined the association between urine iodine levels and presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke in adults without thyroid dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: This cross-sectional study included 2440 adults (representing a weighted n = 91,713,183) aged ≥40 years without thyroid dysfunction in the nationally-representative 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The age and sex-adjusted urine iodine/creatinine ratio (aICR) was categorized into low (aICR<116 µg/day), medium (116 µg/day ≤ aICR < 370µg/day), and high (aICR ≥ 370µg/day) based on lowest/highest quintiles. Stroke and CAD were from self-reported physician diagnoses. We examined the association between low urine aICR and CAD or stroke using multivariable logistic regression modeling. The mean age of this population was 56.0 years, 47% were women, and three quarters were non-Hispanic whites. Compared with high urine iodine levels, multivariable adjusted odds ratios aOR (95% confidence intervals) for CAD were statistically significant for low, aOR = 1.97 (1.08-3.59), but not medium, aOR = 1.26 (0.75-2.13) urine iodine levels. There was no association between stroke and low, aOR = 1.12 (0.52-2.44) or medium, aOR = 1.48 (0.88-2.48) urine iodine levels. CONCLUSION: The association between low urine iodine levels and CAD should be confirmed in a prospective study with serial measures of urine iodine. If low iodine levels precede CAD, then this potential and modifiable new CAD risk factor might have therapeutic implications.
Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Deficiency Diseases/epidemiology , Iodine/deficiency , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/urine , Chi-Square Distribution , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Deficiency Diseases/diagnosis , Deficiency Diseases/urine , Female , Humans , Iodine/urine , Linear Models , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Nutrition Surveys , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Protective Factors , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Stroke/diagnosis , Stroke/epidemiology , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
We sought to determine whether differentiation agents such as retinoids and butyrate regulate transcript levels of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) and cone rod homeobox (CRX), a homeodomain transcription factor that regulates IRBP promoter activity. WERI-Rb1 retinoblastoma cells were treated with all-trans retinol, all-trans retinoic acid, or butyrate. IRBP and CRX mRNA levels were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Butyrate at low concentrations increased both mRNA levels but suppressed them at higher concentrations. Retinoic acid had minimal effects. Retinol increased CRX mRNA over four fold. IRBP and CRX transcript levels are sensitive to butyrate and CRX expression is sensitive to retinol.
Subject(s)
Butyrates/pharmacology , Eye Proteins , Homeodomain Proteins/drug effects , Retinoids/pharmacology , Retinol-Binding Proteins/drug effects , Trans-Activators/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism , Humans , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Neoplasm/genetics , Retinoblastoma/metabolism , Retinoblastoma/pathology , Retinol-Binding Proteins/genetics , Retinol-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Trans-Activators/genetics , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Tretinoin/pharmacology , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Vitamin A/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the ovary arising from mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is rare. Survival is very poor. Although different postoperative treatments have been tried, none appears to have influenced outcomes. A 44-year-old patient with FIGO stage IIB SCC of the ovary arising in MCT had exploratory laparotomy and left salpingo-oophorectomy, leaving macroscopic residual pelvic disease. Postoperative treatment consisted of a continuous concurrent chronomodulated infusion of 5-fluorouracil 150 mg/m2/day and leucovorin 10 mg/m2/day with 5 weeks of pelvic radiotherapy. Three years after initial surgery, she remains disease and complication free. Given this patient's unusually long disease-free survival and the efficacy of concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy in other SCCs, the concurrent circadian treatment approach used for this patient should be explored in other cases of SCC of the ovary.
