Identifying and locating carotenoids in supra-orbital combs of male black grouse (Lyurus tetrix) using Raman and transmission electron microscopy: A histological study using rehydrated tissue samples.

Colourful signals have long been implicated as indicators of individual quality in animals. Bare-skin signals are an understudied aspect of avian colouration compared with plumage studies, despite displaying rapid changes in size and colour in response to different environmental or physiological stressors. Even fewer studies have focused on the underlying histology of these structures and the importance this plays in the resulting skin colour. Using the Black Grouse (Lyrurus tetrix), we identified the underlying structure of individual dermal spikes, which make up the red supra-orbital comb (a known integumentary signal of male quality), and highlight visual structural differences between combs of different sizes. In addition, we used Raman spectroscopy to indicate the presence of carotenoids within the tissue, something that had previously only been inferred through characteristic reflectance patterns. An increased understanding of the structural basis of colour of featherless parts of the skin opens up exciting new avenues for interpreting the information content of integumentary signals.

Preparedness of Residents and Medical Students for the Transition to Competence by Design in Diagnostic Radiology Post-Graduate Medical Education.

Introduction: This needs assessment evaluated residents' and medical students' knowledge of Competence by Design (CBD), perceived benefits of and challenges or barriers to the transition to CBD for residents, and perceived overall preparedness for the transition to CBD in diagnostic radiology. Materials and Methods: All diagnostic radiology residents and medical students in Canada were eligible to participate in this national cross-sectional, questionnaire-based needs assessment. Knowledge of CBD was evaluated through participants' self-reported rating of their knowledge of CBD on a 5-point Likert scale. Perceived benefits of and challenges or barriers to the transition to CBD for residents were rank ordered. Participants' overall self-reported preparedness for the transition to CBD was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Data were summarized by descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were conducted as appropriate. Results: Ninety-four residents (n = 77) and medical students (n = 17) participated in this needs assessment. Participants' mean ± standard deviation self-reported rating of their overall knowledge of CBD was 2.86 ± .94. Provision of meaningful feedback to learners and learners' ability to identify their own educational needs were among the highest ranked perceived benefits of the transition to CBD, while demands on time and increased frequency of evaluation were among the highest ranked perceived challenges or barriers to the transition to CBD. Few participants reported being either "prepared" (4.7%) or "somewhat prepared" (14.0%) for the transition to CBD. Conclusion: Preparedness for the transition to CBD in diagnostic radiology may be improved. Targeted interventions to augment the preparedness of residents and medical students should be considered.

Inaugural Pan-Canadian RADGames: Results From a Successful Approach to Radiology Education for Medical Students.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: A goal in radiology undergraduate medical education is to improve exposure to the field. In 2022, the Canadian Association of Radiologists' Medical Student Network hosted for the first time "RADGames," an interactive image interpretation contest for medical students across Canada. This program was aimed to spark interest in radiology and improve students' image interpretation skills through gamification with expert guidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volunteers from Radiology Interest Groups in Canadian medical schools set up a virtual event for the competition using breakout rooms and a quiz platform. Participant recruitment was through social media and advertisement by medical student associations. Participants were surveyed anonymously for feedback following the event. Data about previous exposure to and knowledge of radiology, and an evaluation of the event including self-perceived impact on participants' understanding of the field were collected. RESULTS: Eighty seven medical students from 15 of Canada's 17 medical schools competed against one another virtually. Forty seven (54%) responded to the post-event evaluation survey. All responses about the event itself were favourable. Respondents overwhelmingly indicated that RADGames increased their interest in radiology (38, 81%), their understanding of the work of a radiologist (31, 66%) and their knowledge about medical imaging (46, 98%), and improved their confidence in basic imaging interpretation (36, 77%). CONCLUSION: The Canadian Association of Radiologists' Medical Student Network hosted Canada's first national image interpretation competition for medical students, RADGames. Feedback was overwhelmingly positive, with perceived benefits to participants on their understanding of and interest in radiology.

Teaching Radiology to Medical Students in Canada; a Virtual, Integrative, Clinical Approach.

PURPOSE: To construct, apply, and evaluate a multidisciplinary approach in teaching radiology to Canadian medical students. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team of radiology and other disciplines experts designed an online 5-session course that was delivered to medical students. The topics of each session were clinical cases involving different systems. The target audience was medical students of Canadian schools. Pretests and post-tests were administered before and after each session respectively. An evaluation survey was distributed at the end of the course to gauge students' perceptions of this experience. RESULTS: An average of 425 medical students attended the live sessions. For each session, 405 students completed both the pre-tests and post-tests. In general, students scored an average of 56% higher on the post-test than on the pre-test. The final course survey was completed by 469 students. The survey results show that more than 98% of students found the course to meet or exceed their expectations. Over 80% of students agreed that the course increased their interest in radiology and about 81% agree that the topics presented were excellent and clinically important. The ratings in the final survey results also indicate that students increased their confidence in basic radiology skills after completing the course. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an integrative clinical approach to teaching radiology in a virtual setting is achievable. It provides efficient use of educational resources while being accessible by a large number of students across different medical schools.

Successful Prophylactic Embolization of a Renal Artery Aneurysm During Pregnancy.

Renal artery aneurysms (RAA) have an increased risk of rupture during pregnancy with high mortality rates for the mother and fetus. There are many reports on the treatment of ruptured RAA during pregnancy and the Society for Vascular Surgery recommends to prophylactically treat unruptured RAA of any size in women of reproductive age to limit risk of rupture during pregnancy. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no reported case of prophylactic treatment of unruptured RAA during pregnancy. Here we report the case of a 39-year-old G2P1 who had prophylactic endovascular coiling of an unruptured left RAA during her second trimester of pregnancy. Our case report is the first to demonstrate that unruptured RAA can be safely intervened endovascularly to prevent rupture without disrupting the pregnancy.

The Online Cross-Country Tour: Evaluation of a Novel Online Series for Canadian Radiology Residency Programs and Future Implications for the Radiology CaRMS Process.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic indefinitely cancelled visiting medical student radiology electives across Canada. In response, the Canadian Association of Radiologists Resident & Fellow Section (CAR RFS) and Medical Student Network (MSN) developed and evaluated an online series for medical students to learn about Canadian radiology residency programs. METHODS: Medical students from any year of training were recruited through the MSN, local radiology interest groups, and social media to attend a 2-week online series of interactive sessions via Zoom with program representatives from Canadian radiology residency programs. A survey evaluating the online series, in particular its impact on residency and career planning, was administered to program representatives and students. RESULTS: Fifteen of Canada's 16 radiology residency programs participated in the online series. A total of 212 students attended at least one session and nearly half were participating in the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) this year. The postsurvey revealed that 77% of students agreed that the online series helped prepare them for CaRMS and ranking programs. The online series also benefited pre-CaRMS students as significantly more students were considering radiology as a specialty on the postsurvey compared to the presurvey. Students and program representatives agreed that this series should be held in future years, regardless of whether health and travel restrictions are lifted. CONCLUSION: The CAR RFS and MSN hosted an online series for medical students to learn about radiology residency programs outside their home institution. Feedback was highly positive with important implications for the future CaRMS iterations for any specialty.

Radiology Interest Groups: A Recipe for Success.

OBJECTIVES: Radiology Interest Groups (RIGs) are valuable for medical students and the radiology profession. The purpose of this study is to identify key components of a successful RIG and to discuss how to optimize available resources to increase student engagement in radiology. METHODS: Anonymous feedback forms (n = 478) completed by preclinical medical students attending 20 RIG events between September 2016 and May 2019 were analyzed. A five-point Likert-type scale was used to determine event effectiveness, and important themes reflecting student perspectives were identified using thematic analysis of freeform comments. RESULTS: Based on Likert feedback, 75% to 78% of students had a positive experience of RIG events and believed sessions were relevant to their studies. 31% to 42% of students believed these events increased their interest or insight into radiology and influenced their career choice. Four representative themes were identified by qualitative analysis of written feedback: engagement, professional development, mentorship, and suggestions for improvement. These themes provided insight into student perspectives of our RIG, and, along with experience from the RIG organizers, the authors present elements perceived to have contributed to these positive results. CONCLUSION: Thematic analysis of feedback reveals that students consider interactive events, contribution to professional development, and the opportunity for mentorship valuable elements of a RIG. From the perspective of the organizing committee, we embody these aspects through careful planning, innovative events, and consistent debriefing. In this way, our RIG promotes the future of the radiology profession and serves as a practical model for other similar organizations.

Homopolar dihydrogen bonding in main group hydrides: discovery, consequences, and applications.

This perspective describes the recent discovery and investigation of homopolar dihydrogen bonding, and focuses on the identification and characterisation of hydride-hydride interactions in compounds of the main group elements. A highlight of this programme has been an appreciation of the important role played by this interaction in the structural and thermochemical properties of these materials, and in the mechanisms through which they release hydrogen. A fuller understanding of this new class of H∙∙∙H interactions has also allowed us to explore their role in the supramolecular chemistry of hydrogen-rich compounds.