Symphyseal fixation in open book injuries cannot fully compensate anterior SI joint injury-A biomechanical study in a two-leg alternating load model.

INTRODUCTION: In open book injuries type Tile B1.1 or B1.2 also classified as APC II (anteroposterior compression), it remains controversial, if a fixation of the anterior ring provides sufficient stability or a fixation of the posterior ring should be included. Therefore the relative motion at the sacroiliac joint was quantified in a two-leg alternating load biomechanical pelvis model in the intact, the injured and the restored pelvis. METHODS: Fresh-frozen intact (I) pelvises (n = 6) were subjected to a non-destructive cyclic test under sinosuidal axial two-leg alternating load with progressively increasing amplitude. Afterwards an open book injury (J) including the anterior ligament complex of the left sacroiliac joint, the sacrospinal and sacrotuberal ligaments (Tile B1.1) was created and the specimens were retested. Finally, the symphysis was stabilized with a modular fixation system (1-, 2- or 4-rod configuration) (R) and specimens were cyclically retested. Relative motion at the sacroiliac joint was captured at both sacroiliac joints by motion tracking system at two load levels of 170 N and 340 N during all tests. RESULTS: Relative sacroiliac joint movements at both load levels were significantly higher in the J-state compared to the I-state, excluding superoinferior translational movement. With exception of the anteroposterior translational movement at 340N, the relative sacroiliac joint movements after each of the three reconstructions (1-, 2-, 4-rod fixation) were significantly smaller compared to the J-state and did not differ significantly to the I-state, but stayed above the values of the latter. Relative movements did not differ significantly in a direct comparison between the 1-rod, 2-rod and 4-rod fixations. CONCLUSION: Symphyseal locked plating significantly reduces relative movement of the sacroiliac joint in open book injuries type Tile B1.1 or B1.2 (APC II) but cannot fully restore the situation of the intact sacroiliac joint.

Dynamic-locking-screw (DLS)-leads to less secondary screw perforations in proximal humerus fractures.

BACKGROUND: Loss of reduction and screw perforation causes high failure rates in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the early postoperative complications using modern Dynamic Locking Screws (DLS 3.7) for plating of proximal humerus fractures. METHODS: Between 03/2009 and 12/2010, 64 patients with acute proximal humerus fractures were treated by angular stable plate fixation using DLSs in a limited multi-centre study. Follow-up examinations were performed three, six, twelve and twenty-four weeks postoperatively and any complications were carefully collected. RESULTS: 56 of 64 patients were examined at the six-month follow-up. Complications were observed in 12 patients (22%). In five cases (9%), a perforation of the DLS 3.7 occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the use of modern DLS 3.7, the early complications after plating of proximal humerus fractures remain high. The potential advantage of the DLS 3.7 regarding secondary screw perforation has to be confirmed by future randomized controlled trials.

Influence of flexible fixation for open book injury after pelvic trauma--a biomechanical study.

BACKGROUND: Implant loosening is frequently detected after fixation of open book injuries. Though many authors do not see this as a complication, it is often the reason for hardware removal or reinstrumentation in the case of remaining instability. We hypothesized that the flexibility of the implant has an influence on loosening and thus on failure of the construct. METHODS: We used 6 fresh-frozen pelvic specimens and tested them with our recently introduced test setup for two-leg alternate loading. We subjected them to a non-destructive quasi-static test in the intact condition followed by a non-destructive cyclic test under axial sinusoidal loading with progressive amplitude. Afterwards we simulated an open book injury and performed fixation with three different configurations of a modular fixation system (1-, 2- or 4-rod configuration) in randomized order. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to 3 cyclic tests with the same loading protocol as previously defined. Finally, each construct was cyclically tested to failure keeping the final rod configuration. FINDINGS: We detected significantly greater mobility after 1-rod-fixation and no significant differences after 2-rod or 4-rod-fixation compared to the intact symphysis condition. In the destructive test series the 4-rod-fixation failed first followed by the 1-rod-fixation. The 2-rod-fixation sustained almost 3 times as many load cycles prior to failure as the 4-rod-fixation, whereas the 1-rod-fixation sustained twice as many cycles as the 4-rod-fixation. INTERPRETATION: In conclusion, flexible fixation of the ruptured pubic symphysis in human specimens shows superior behavior with respect to load bearing capacity and ability to withstand cyclic loading compared to stiff constructs.

Two-leg alternate loading model--a different approach to biomechanical investigations of fixation methods of the injured pelvic ring with focus on the pubic symphysis.

The dorsal component of the pelvic ring is considered to be the most essential element for the stability of the pelvic ring. None of the current biomechanical set-ups include the effect of shear stresses by alternating loads that the pelvic ring has to withstand during walking. We hypothesize that a biomechanical test set-up with two-leg alternate loading will lead to stress imitation at the pubic symphysis that are more similar to existing strains than other test set-ups, and would, therefore, be more adequate for biomechanical testing of fixation methods. A new biomechanical two-leg standing test set-up with an alternate pelvic loading was constructed and was validated with six human pelvises from fresh frozen cadavers. Three-dimensional motion tracking was performed. The specimens were subjected to a non-destructive quasi-static test and a non-destructive cyclic test with progressive load amplitude from 170 N to 340 N over 1000 cycles. The initial rotational 'range of motion' and 'mean displacement' around the vertical axis for a pre-load of 170 N was about 0.3° and 0.2°, respectively, increasing by 0.1-0.2° at a load of 340 N. The rotation around the vertical axis and the translation along the frontal horizontal axis confirmed the stability of the pubic symphysis. The rate of ascend of displacements decreased, once the rotation reached 1° or the translation reached 1mm. The current biomechanical test set-up was compared with previous clinical findings, and the method was found valid for measuring inter-segmentary movements at the pubic symphysis.

Biomechanical comparison of menisci from different species and artificial constructs.

BACKGROUND: Loss of meniscal tissue is correlated with early osteoarthritis but few data exist regarding detailed biomechanical properties (e.g. viscoelastic behavior) of menisci in different species commonly used as animal models. The purpose of the current study was to biomechanically characterize bovine, ovine, and porcine menisci (each n = 6, midpart of the medial meniscus) and compare their properties to that of normal and degenerated human menisci (n = 6) and two commercially available artificial scaffolds (each n = 3). METHODS: Samples were tested in a cyclic, minimally constraint compression-relaxation test with a universal testing machine allowing the characterization of the viscoelastic properties including stiffness, residual force and relative sample compression. T-tests were used to compare the biomechanical parameters of all samples. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Throughout cyclic testing stiffness, residual force and relative sample compression increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all tested meniscus samples. From the tested animal meniscus samples the ovine menisci showed the highest biomechanical similarity to human menisci in terms of stiffness (human: 8.54 N/mm ± 1.87, cycle 1; ovine: 11.24 N/mm ± 2.36, cycle 1, p = 0.0528), residual force (human: 2.99 N ± 0.63, cycle 1 vs. ovine 3.24 N ± 0.13, cycle 1, p = 0.364) and relative sample compression (human 19.92% ± 0.63, cycle 1 vs. 18.72% ± 1.84 in ovine samples at cycle 1, p = 0.162). The artificial constructs -as hypothesized- revealed statistically significant inferior biomechanical properties. CONCLUSIONS: For future research the use of ovine meniscus would be desirable showing the highest biomechanical similarities to human meniscus tissue. The significantly different biomechanical properties of the artificial scaffolds highlight the necessity of cellular ingrowth and formation of extracellular matrix to gain viscoelastic properties. As a consequence, a period of unloading (at least partial weight bearing) is necessary, until the remodeling process in the scaffold is sufficient to withstand forces during weight bearing.

New method for detection of complex 3D fracture motion--verification of an optical motion analysis system for biomechanical studies.

BACKGROUND: Fracture-healing depends on interfragmentary motion. For improved osteosynthesis and fracture-healing, the micromotion between fracture fragments is undergoing intensive research. The detection of 3D micromotions at the fracture gap still presents a challenge for conventional tactile measurement systems. Optical measurement systems may be easier to use than conventional systems, but, as yet, cannot guarantee accuracy. The purpose of this study was to validate the optical measurement system PONTOS 5M for use in biomechanical research, including measurement of micromotion. METHODS: A standardized transverse fracture model was created to detect interfragmentary motions under axial loadings of up to 200 N. Measurements were performed using the optical measurement system and compared with a conventional high-accuracy tactile system consisting of 3 standard digital dial indicators (1 µm resolution; 5 µm error limit). RESULTS: We found that the deviation in the mean average motion detection between the systems was at most 5.3 µm, indicating that detection of micromotion was possible with the optical measurement system. Furthermore, we could show two considerable advantages while using the optical measurement system. Only with the optical system interfragmentary motion could be analyzed directly at the fracture gap. Furthermore, the calibration of the optical system could be performed faster, safer and easier than that of the tactile system. CONCLUSION: The PONTOS 5 M optical measurement system appears to be a favorable alternative to previously used tactile measurement systems for biomechanical applications. Easy handling, combined with a high accuracy for 3D detection of micromotions (≤ 5 µm), suggests the likelihood of high user acceptance. This study was performed in the context of the deployment of a new implant (dynamic locking screw; Synthes, Oberdorf, Switzerland).

Biomechanical in vitro validation of intramedullary cortical button fixation for distal biceps tendon repair: a new technique.

BACKGROUND: Extramedullary cortical button-based fixation for distal biceps tendon ruptures exhibits maximum load to failure in vitro but cannot restore the anatomic footprint and has the potential risk for injury to the posterior interosseous nerve. HYPOTHESIS: Double intramedullary cortical button fixation repair provides superior fixation strength to the bone when compared with single extramedullary cortical button-based repair. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: The technique of intramedullary cortical button fixation with 1 or 2 buttons was compared with single extramedullary cortical button-based repair using 12 paired human cadaveric elbows. All specimens underwent computed tomography analysis to determine intramedullary dimensions of the radial tuberosity as well as the thickness of the anterior and posterior cortices before biomechanical testing. Maximum load to failure and failure modes were recorded. For baseline measurements, the native tendon was tested for maximum load to failure. RESULTS: The intramedullary area of the radial tuberosity provides sufficient space for single or double intramedullary cortical button implantation. The mean thickness of the anterior cortex was 1.13 ± 0.15 mm, and for the posterior cortex it was 1.97 ± 0.48 mm (P < .001). We found the highest loads to failure for double intramedullary cortical button fixation with a mean load to failure of 455 ± 103 N, versus 275 ± 44 N for single intramedullary cortical button fixation (P < .001) and 305 ± 27 N for single extramedullary cortical button-based technique (P = .003). There were no statistically significant differences between single intramedullary and single extramedullary button fixation repair (P = .081). The mean load to failure for the native tendon was 379 ± 87 N. CONCLUSION: Double intramedullary cortical button fixation provides the highest load to failure in the specimens tested. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Double intramedullary cortical button fixation provides reliable fixation strength to the bone for distal biceps tendon repair and potentially minimizes the risk of posterior interosseous nerve injury. Further, based on a 2-point-fixation, this method may offer a wider, more anatomic restoration of the distal biceps tendon to its anatomic footprint.