Far-right boundary construction towards the "other": Visual communication of Danish People's Party on social media.

This paper explores how images are used in online far-right political communication to create distinct groups of "otherness." Focusing on the Danish People's Party, we look at how symbolic boundaries are constructed through images to emphasize an exclusive conception of the nation and its citizens, who need protection from the threatening "others." In order to understand the global rise of the far right, scholars of social movements and digital media have called for new research on how visual images serve the mainstreaming of extremist and nationalist beliefs online. We look at images communicated by the Danish People's Party on their Facebook page, exploring how digital images visually communicate the party's slogan of "Safety and trust" (in Danish: "Tryghed og tillid"). With a focus on boundary construction, we present a multimodal visual analysis of 1120 images posted by the party from 2012 to 2020. The data shows how the party constructs an imaginary of Danishness through an exclusionary impermeable boundary construction of a trusted in-group's values and traditions in opposition to culturally distinct "others."

Development of an accelerated artificial ageing method for the characterization of degradation products of antioxidants in lubricants by mass spectrometry.

The understanding of ageing mechanisms of antioxidants in base oils is indispensable for the development of improved lubricants. In this study, a novel artificial ageing method based on the application of peroxide as oxidant is presented for improved monitoring of thermo-oxidative degradation processes in combination with mass spectrometry. Model oils containing aminic and phenolic antioxidants were aged and chemical structures of their oxidation products were elucidated by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization high resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. Additionally, synergistic mixtures of four antioxidants were investigated, because the formation of condensed molecules from amines and phenols would have a major influence on the antioxidant potential but could not be detected in the bulk lubricant.

Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization linear ion trap Orbitrap mass spectrometry of antioxidants (amines and phenols) applied in lubricant engineering.

RATIONALE: For the qualification and quantification of antioxidants (aromatic amines and sterically hindered phenols), most of them applied as lubricant additives, two ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) electrospray ionization mass spectrometric methods applying the positive and negative ion mode have been developed for lubricant design and engineering thus allowing e.g. the study of the degradation of lubricants. METHODS: Based on the different chemical properties of the two groups of antioxidants, two methods offering a fast separation (10 min) without prior derivatization were developed. In order to reach these requirements, UHPLC was coupled with an LTQ Orbitrap hybrid tandem mass spectrometer with positive and negative ion electrospray ionization for simultaneous detection of spectra from UHPLC-high-resolution (HR)-MS (full scan mode) and UHPLC-low-resolution linear ion trap MS(2) (LITMS(2)), which we term UHPLC/HRMS-LITMS(2). RESULTS: All 20 analytes investigated could be qualified by an UHPLC/HRMS-LITMS(2) approach consisting of simultaneous UHPLC/HRMS (elemental composition) and UHPLC/LITMS(2) (diagnostic product ions) according to EC guidelines. Quantification was based on an UHPLC/LITMS(2) approach due to increased sensitivity and selectivity compared to UHPLC/HRMS. Absolute quantification was only feasible for seven analytes with well-specified purity of references whereas relative quantification was obtainable for another nine antioxidants. All of them showed good standard deviation and repeatability. CONCLUSIONS: The combined methods allow qualitative and quantitative determination of a wide variety of different antioxidants including aminic/phenolic compounds applied in lubricant engineering. These data show that the developed methods will be versatile tools for further research on identification and characterization of the thermo-oxidative degradation products of antioxidants in lubricants.

CID of singly charged antioxidants applied in lubricants by means of a 3D ion trap and a linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer.

The aim of this study was to investigate the fragmentation behavior induced by low-energy collision-induced dissociation (LE-CID) of four selected antioxidants applied in lubricants, by two different types of ion trap mass spectrometers: a three-dimensional ion trap (3D-IT) and a linear IT (LIT) Orbitrap MS. Two sterically hindered phenols and two aromatic amines were selected as model compounds representing different antioxidant classes and were characterized by positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) and LE-CID. Various types of molecular ions (e.g. [M](+•) , [M + H](+) , [M + NH(4) ](+) or [M + Na](+) ) were used as precursor ions generating a significant number of structurally relevant product ions. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds were analyzed by negative-ion ESI. For both IT types applied for fragmentation, the antioxidants exhibited the same unusual LE-CID behavior: (1) they formed stable radical product ions and (2) CC bond cleavages of aliphatic substituents were observed and their respective cleavage sites depended on the precursor ion selected. This fragmentation provided information on the type of structural isomer usually not obtainable for branched aliphatic substituents utilizing LE-CID. Comparing the two instruments, the main benefit of applying the LIT-Orbitrap was direct access to elemental composition of product ions enabling unambiguous interpretation of fragmentation trees not obtainable by the 3D-IT device (e.g. loss of isobaric neutrals). It should be emphasized that the types of product ions formed do not depend on the type of IT analyzer applied. For characterizing degradation products of antioxidants, the LIT-Orbitrap hybrid system, allowing the determination of accurate m/z values for product ions, is the method of choice.

Electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of antioxidants applied in lubricants.

The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) in combination with the two desorption/ionization methods, electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI), for the detection of antioxidants which are applied in lubricants. These experiments should form the base for future investigations of antioxidants in tribologically formed thin layers on the surface of frictional systems. Seventeen different antioxidants were selected out of the group of hindered phenolic and aromatic aminic compounds. Practically all antioxidants could be characterized by positive ion ESI- and AP-MALDI-ITMS, forming various types/species of molecular ions (e.g. [M]+*, [M+H]+, [M+Na]+ or [M-2H+H]+). A few compounds could be analyzed by negative ion ESI-MS, too, but none by negative ion AP-MALDI-MS. The influence of target materials in AP-MALDI-MS (gold- and titanium nitride (TiN)-covered stainless steel, micro-diamond-covered hard metal, hand-polished and sand-blasted stainless steel targets) with respect to the molecular ion intensity and type of molecular ion of two selected antioxidants was evaluated. The surface properties are of particular interest because in friction tests different materials with different surface characteristics are used. However, the MS results indicate that optimal target surfaces have to be found for individual antioxidants in AP-MALDI-MS but in general smooth surfaces were superior to rough surfaces. Finally the gold-covered stainless steel MALDI target provided the best mass spectra and was selected for all the antioxidants investigated.