Histopathologic Evaluation of Hyaluronic Acid and Plasma-Rich Platelet Injection into Rabbit Vocal Cords: An Experimental Study.

OBJECTIVE: Various materials are used by otolaryngologists for vocal cord injections in the management of vocal cord paralysis. An ideal injection material should be long-term effective, readily available, cheap, easy to prepare, have no donor morbidity, easy to use, biocompatible, resistant to resorption or migration, and easy to extract during revision. In this study, we aimed to see the histopathological effects of hyaluronic acid (HYA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections into the vocal cords of New Zealand rabbits. METHODS: PRP was injected into the right vocal cords of twelve rabbits, which was prepared from their serum (PRP group). HYA was injected into the left vocal cords of first six rabbits (numbered 1-6) (HYA group), and the left vocal cords of the other six rabbits (numbered 7-12) were followed with no intervention (control group). Two months later, histomorphological findings in the vocal cords were assessed by two experienced pathologists in seven parameters: chronic inflammation, mucosal atrophy, necrosis, neovascularization, fibrosis, foreign body reaction, and muscular atrophy. They were scored double-blinded as negative (0), mild (+1), moderate (+2), and severe (+3). Fisher's chi-square test was used to evaluate any statistical significance among the three groups. RESULTS: Chronic inflammation, mucosal atrophy, necrosis, foreign body reaction, and muscular atrophy parameters were scored as "0" for each preparate by both pathologists. For neovascularization and fibrosis, a stasistically significant difference was seen among the three groups (p<0.05). Neovascularization was increased in the PRP and HYA groups compared with the control group. No significant difference was observed in fibrosis when the groups were compared separately. After two months, two of the six vocal cords injected with HYA revealed HYA; however, none of the PRP-injected vocal cords showed PRP. CONCLUSION: HYA and PRP can be safely injected into vocal cords. Our findings show that HYA is a biocompatible and safe injection material for clinical use. Only two of the six vocal cords showed HYA at the end of two months, suggesting that HYA is a short-term effective material. Similarly, PRP was also shown to be a short-term effective material and can be used in patients for testing purpose before using a long-term effective material. The advantages of PRP are that it is inexpensive, readily available, and completely inert as it is prepared from the subject itself.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Application for Acute Tympanic Membrane Perforations.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the healing process of acute tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acute TMPs were made in both the ears of 12 New Zealand rabbits. Plasma gel was applied at the right tympanic membrane (TM) of the same animal until the perforations were closed. The left TM was left untreated. On days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 21, 28, and 35, the TMs were monitored to check the closure of perforations. The days of perforation closure for the 2 groups were compared using the paired t-test. The animals were sacrificed 2 months after making the perforations. Seven histopathological parameters were reviewed by 2 blinded pathologists: acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, edema in the lamina propria, congestion in the lamina propria, sclerosis, fibroblastic reaction, and an increase in the thickness of the squamous epithelial layer. The presence or absence of each histological parameter in both groups was compared using the Pearson Chi-square test. RESULTS: The average number of days for closure in the plasma gel group was 12 (range 8-18 days) and that in the control group was 17.7 (range 8-31 days). The difference was statistically significant (p=0.0145). There was no sclerosis or fibroblastic reaction in any of the specimens. No statistically significant difference was seen between the 2 groups with respect to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, edema in the lamina propria, congestion in the lamina propria, and an increase in thickness of the squamous epithelial layer (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Platelet-rich plasma fastens TMP closure; in long term, the eventual outcome is both microscopically and macroscopically same for the control as well as study groups in a rabbit traumatic TMP model. We believe that this study will encourage the clinical use of PRP for acute TMPs and trigger clinical studies in this field.

Bloody nipple discharge in 2 infants with interesting cytologic findings of extramedullary hematopoiesis and hemophagocytosis.

Bloody nipple discharge in the infantile period is an uncommon finding. Despite its stressful course to the parents, it is generally a benign condition with a spontaneous resolution. The approach to bloody nipple discharge in the infantile period is well documented in the literature even though the number of these cases is limited. We report 2 infants with unilateral bloody nipple discharge. Their physical examination, laboratory, and ultrasound findings were normal but the cytologic examinations of the discharge revealed signs of extramedullary hematopoiesis and hemophagocytosis. These extraordinary findings made us brainstorm on the probable ongoing processes in the infantile breast tissue.

Supraclavicular thoracic duct cyst.

The thoracic duct cysts located in the supraclavicular region are very rare masses, the etiology of which is not completely known. This article presents the clinical follow-up of a 35-year-old male patient diagnosed with throracic duct cyst situated in the left supraclavicular region and the patient's condition is discussed in line with literature. The patient admitted to our clinic with a complaint of a mass in the left supraclavicular region that had appeared six months ago and that had been increasingly growing. A cyst excision under general anesthesia was performed to the patient who was pre-diagnosed with thoracic duct cyst following the radiological evaluation and the needle aspiration biopsy. There were no complications or a recurrence during the six months of postoperative follow-up.

A rare cause of nasal obstruction: giant invasive nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma.

Nasal obstruction is a very rare symptom caused by a pituitary adenoma. A 57-year-old man admitted to our clinic with bilateral nasal obstruction for the last six months. Endoscopic examination revealed soft pinkish pulsatile tissues in both nasal cavities. Radiologic investigation revealed a suprasellar mass extending to the frontal lobes, spheno-ethmoidal sinuses and nasal cavities. He had bitemporal superior quadrant hemianopsia. Pituitary hormone levels were normal. Biopsies were taken from the patient endonasally. Pathological evaluations and laboratory findings were compatible with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma.

Total resection of inferiorly located sacral chordoma with posterior only approach: case report and review of the literature.

Chordoma is a primary sacral neoplasm of ectodermal origin and makes up %1- 4 of all primary bone tumors. It is usually present on the midline cerebrospinal axis and the most common locations are the spheno-clival region and the sacrum. The treatment of primary sacral tumors represents a challenge because of a large tumor mass at presentation and a hemorrhage risk in surgery. Sacral tumors may present a difficult problem to the surgeon who desires to obtain a clear margin of excision. Using the retrorectal fat tissue as a cleavage line in the posterior approach guides the neurosurgeon to resect the tumor totally and reduce the hemorrhage in sacral chordomas. In this case report, we tried to discuss the advantages of using of retrorectal fat tissue as a cleavage line in sacral chordomas under the literature.