Computed tomography depiction of normal inguinal lymph nodes in children.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to establish computed tomography (CT) characteristics, distribution and provide normative data about size of normal inguinal lymph nodes in a paediatric population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred eighty-one otherwise healthy children (147 girls, mean age: 8.87, range 0-17 years) underwent pelvic CT in the setting of high-energy trauma were included in the study. Both axial and coronal 1.25-mm reconstructions were evaluated for the presence, location (deep or superficial), number, presence of fat attenuation, and shape of the lymph nodes, short-axis diameter of the biggest lymph node for each of right and left inguinal regions. RESULTS: A total of 7556 lymph nodes were detected in 481 subjects (the mean count of superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes was 13.35 [range 6-23] and 2.36 [range 0-7] per subject, respectively): 15% (1135/7556) deep located, 85% (6421/7556) superficially located, 86.6% (6547/7556) with fat attenuation, 99.2% (7496/7556) oval in shape, 0.8% (60/7556) spherical. The short-axis diameter of the lymph nodes increased with age. Pearson's correlation coefficient for superficial and deep lymph nodes in boys and girls, respectively: 0.538 (p < 0.001), 0.504 (p < 0.001), 0.452 (p < 0.001) and 0.268 (p < 0.001). The mean maximum short-axis diameters in different age groups and gender varied between 6.33 ± 0.85 mm and 8.68 ± 1.33 mm for superficial, 3.62 ± 1.16 mm and 5.83 ± 1.05 mm for deep inguinal lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Inguinal lymph nodes were multiple, commonly contained fat, and were oval in shape. The data determined about inguinal lymph node size in different paediatric age groups may be applicable as normative data in daily clinical CT evaluation practice.

Evaluating the levels of knowledge and attitudes of emergency medical technicians and paramedics toward traumatic dental injuries.

OBJECTIVES: The first aid implemented just after the traumatic dental injury (TDI) is of vital importance. This study aims to evaluate the attitudes of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics toward TDI and their levels of knowledge about the issue. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire, which comprised 14 questions, was applied to 389 EMTs and paramedics all across Turkey. The questionnaires were sent to the participants through e-mails, and the results were obtained by an online system. RESULTS: 336 out of 389 EMTs and paramedics (86.4%) mentioned that they did not have any training about the TDI issue. On the other hand, among the ones who mentioned that they received this training, 50.9% suggested that the training was not sufficient. It was observed that 63.5% of the participants encountered cases of injuries in oral and dental regions, and in 83% of these cases the only treatment applied was bleeding intervention. About 75.6% of them think that an avulsed tooth cannot be reimplanted. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it was determined that the EMTs and paramedics did not have sufficient and accurate information about the TDI. Lack of knowledge about TDI prevents rapid and accurate intervention to the cases.

Comparative evaluation of combined remineralization agents on demineralized tooth surface.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of casein phosphopeptides (CPP)-ACPF, NovaMin+ fluoride-containing toothpaste and Xylitol+ fluoride containing cream on demineralized areas on the enamel surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 enamel slab samples was prepared to investigate in the laboratory experiments. For this purpose, a total of 50 freshly extracted third molar teeth which completed root formation split into two portions in the mesiodistal direction. Enamel surfaces were immersed in a pH cycling protocol as described in the literature to simulate oral conditions for 9 days in order to evaluate the effect of test materials on the artificial enamel lesions. Then the remineralization agents were applied on the enamel surfaces, and we analyzed their effects. RESULTS: We used Vickers Microhardness with the purpose of calculating the amount of lost or acquisition of minerals on the enamel surface qualitatively; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to define the calcium and phosphorus ions that dissolved in acid. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's T Post-Hoc tests were performed to distinguish significant differences among groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Remineralization was provided in all treated groups, according to the data obtained from all tests. NovaMin was more effective in increasing acid resistance. It was also found that all three experimental groups were effective in increasing the surface hardness, but CPP-ACPF and NovaMin are more effective than Xylitol. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental groups.

Evaluation of mental foramen location in the 10-70 years age range using cone-beam computed tomography.

INTRODUCTION: Mental foramen (MF) locations were determined according to gender and age in terms of the vertical distance from the surrounding anatomical structures and the vertical and horizontal size of the MF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred-seven male and 103 female patients in the age group between 10 and 70 years were included in our retrospective study and were examined using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The right and the left MF locations were determined from panoramic and cross-sectional images. On the cross-sectional CBCT images, the distance of the MF upper limit from the alveolar crest edge, the distance of the MF lower limit from the lower edge of the mandible, and vertical size of the MF were measured. RESULTS: MF location differed in males and females (P < 0.001); it was generally located at the first and second premolar in females, and at the level of the second premolar in males. However, the MF location was not different on the right and left sides (P = 0.436). The distance of the MF from the surrounding anatomic structures were found to be lower in females than in males in all measurements (P < 0.001). The horizontal size of the MF was found to be less on the left side (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Knowing both the position and the distance of the MF from the surrounding anatomical structures is not only useful information for surgery, but will also help avoid complications such as paresthesia.

Brain diffusion tensor imaging in children with tuberous sclerosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate diffusion characteristics of tubers and white matter lesions in children with tuberous sclerosis (TS) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen children (11 male, 7 female; mean age 9.3years, age range 1-16years) with a definite diagnosis of TS were recruited in this study. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) values in 89 tubers and 37 white matter lesions were measured and compared with those of contralateral normal regions. RESULTS: ADC, AD, and RD values were significantly higher and FA values were lower in lesions, than the ones measured in contralateral normal regions for tubers (P<0.001). Similarly RD values were significantly higher and FA values were lower in white matter lesions (P<0.05). ADC and AD measures were detected to increase in white matter lesions, however no statistically significant difference was observed. The increase in the mean values of RD was significantly greater than the increase in the AD values for tubers and white matter lesions (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: DTI can provide valuable information about the cytoarchitectural changes in TS lesions beyond morphologic MRI findings alone.

Intracranial lipomas: clinical and imaging findings.

PURPOSE: Intracranial lipomas are rare congenital malformations. The most common location of intracranial lipoma is the midline cerebral structures. The most frequently seen symptoms are headaches, seizures, psychomotor retardation and cranial nerve deficits. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological findings of 14 patients with intracranial lipoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 14 patients diagnosed with intracranial lipoma from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging taken after presentation at our hospital with headaches or seizures between January 2008 and April 2012. The cranial CT and MR images were evaluated by two experienced specialist radiologists. The lipoma localisation, size, morphology, any concomitant anomalies and findings of compression were recorded. RESULTS: The study comprised 14 patients diagnosed with intracranial lipoma. The lipoma was observed to be located pericallosal, adjacent to the mamillary body and the optic chiasm, interhemispheric, in the quadrigeminal cistern and sylvian fissure. 3 patients had a history of seizures. The others had headaches. CONCLUSIONS: If there are no concomitant central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, there are no significant clinical or neurological findings apart from headaches.

The reliability of microleakage studies using dog and bovine primary teeth instead of human primary teeth.

AIM: This was to investigate if dental restorations on human, dog and bovine primary teeth are equitable for microleakage analysis, and the respective marginal adaptation deficiency in in vitro conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to determine the level of microleakage in Class V poly acid-modified composite restorations of human, dog and bovine primary teeth, samples were evaluated by dye-leakage method in sections of the inner area of the restorations. RESULTS: We found no leakage in 6 out of 10 (60%) human restorations, in 7 out of 10 (70%) of dog and in 7 out of 10 (70%) of bovine teeth. The levels of dye-microleakage were tested with Kruskal-Wallis one-way variant analysis method. The relative leakage differences were not statistically significant among all species (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded that dog and bovine primary teeth might be suitable for in vitro studies instead of human ones.