Psychometric properties of multidimensional health locus of control scale, form C among Iranian type 2 diabetes.

Objective: This study aimed at examining the psychometric properties of Persian version of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, form C (MHLC-C) among Iranian type 2 diabetes. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted on 557 type 2 diabetes in eastern city of Iran in 2022. Participants were selected by proportional stratified sampling. The validity of MHLC-C was tested by face validity, content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).Reliability of MHLC-C was assessed by McDonald omega coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Results: Based on the results of EFA, 4 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, which explained 61.66% of the variance. In EFA, a question was removed. In CFA, the factor loading of all questions was more than 0.4 and the indexes of the goodness-of-fit were acceptable (for example: X2/df = 4.457, RMSEA: 0.079, CFI = 0.904, and PGFI = 0.663). McDonald omega coefficient and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of MHLC-C were 0.869 and 0.866. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of MHLC-C was 0.817. Finally, the MHLC-C with 17 questions and 4 factors of chance (6 items), internal (5 items), other powerful people (3 items), and doctors (3 items) was approved. Conclusions: The Persian version of the MHLC-C questionnaire, with 17 questions and four factors, is a valid and reliable scale for Iranian type 2 diabetes to assess their health locus of control status.

Psychometric properties of Persian version of diabetes health literacy scale (DHLS) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Diabetes Health Literacy Scale in type 2 diabetic patients. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 in 1040 patients with type 2 diabetes in eastern Iran. Participants was selected by proportional stratified sampling method. The validity of DHLS was investigated through qualitative face validity, qualitative content validity, and structural validity (exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis). The reliability of DHLS was checked by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald omega coefficient, and test-retest. RESULTS: In exploratory factor analysis, 3 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, explaining 68.57% of the variance. These factors entered the confirmatory factor analysis, none of the questions were removed, and all questions had factor loading above 0.4. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald omega coefficient of DHLS were 0.919 and 0.922. Also, the Intraclass correlation coefficient of DHLS was 0.957. Finally, the DHLS was approved with 14 questions and the three subscales of Informational Health Literacy (6 items), Numerate Health Literacy (5 items), and Communicative Health Literacy (3 items). CONCLUSIONS: DHLS with 14 questions and the three subscales is a valid and reliable tool for examining diabetes health literacy in people with type 2 diabetes.

Evaluation of an Intervention Program for Promoting Breast Self-Examination Behavior in Employed Women in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the world. Screening is the basis for early detection. However, the mortality rate is still high in Iranian women related to not screening and timely check-ups. We offered a theory-based intervention program to improve breast cancer screening behavior in women. METHODS: This interventional study was conducted in 135 employed women in 2019. Their screening behavior was investigated using a questionnaire based on the Protection Motivation and Social Support Theories. We compared the efficacy of 2 educational interventions (a workshop and an E-learning program) between 2 intervention groups and a control group. The results were collected 3 months after the interventions had taken place. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 using descriptive statistics, chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the paired sample t-test. RESULTS: We found a significant difference between the mean score of knowledge and the theoretical constructs (P value < .001) before and after the interventions. Our results also showed that both the intervention methods had a similar effect and that there was a significant difference in the performance of breast self-examinations between the intervention and control groups after the intervention (P value < .001). CONCLUSION: Given the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of implementing an E-learning program, we would recommend that health care planners assist in designing and implementing this effective form of intervention to encourage many more women to perform self-examinations to aid breast cancer screening.

Factors Affecting Breast Self-examination Behavior Among Female Healthcare Workers in Iran: The Role of Social Support Theory.

OBJECTIVES: In women, breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Screening tests are the basis for early diagnosis. In Iranian women, the mortality rate of breast cancer is high due to insufficient screening examinations and delayed visits for care. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors affecting breast self-examinations among Iranian women employed in medical careers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 501 women working in the medical professions at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in western Iran in 2018. The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-developed, self-report questionnaire that contained demographic information and questions based on protection motivation theory and social support theory. Descriptive data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23 and model fitting with PLS version 2. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 37.1±8.3 years, and most of the women (80.4%) were married. Most women had a bachelor's degree (67.5%). The findings of this study showed that the coping appraisal construct was a predictor of protection motivation (ß=0.380, p<0.05), and protection motivation (ß=0.604, p<0.05) was a predictor of breast self-examination behavior. Additionally, social support theory (ß=0.202, p<0.05) had a significant positive effect on breast self-examination behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of practicing self-examinations among women employees in the medical sector was low; considering the influence of social support as a factor promoting screening, it is necessary to pay attention to influential people in women's lives when designing educational interventions.

An Application of the Protection Motivation Theory to Predict Breast Self-Examination Behavior among Female Healthcare Workers.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women and has the highest mortality rate among the women around the world. Early diagnosis of this cancer increases the survival of the patients. The aim of this study was to determine the predictor factors for breast self-examination (BSE) based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) among female healthcare workers in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This analytical-descriptive study was conducted on 501 employed women in age range of 20-61 years old in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in west of Iran during 2018. Participants in the study were random stratified sampling selected. Data collection tools were demographic information and the constructs of PMT. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the logistic regression tests. RESULTS: The results showed that only 9% of participants performed BSE regularly and monthly. The most important reason for lack of BSE was its triviality. Linear regression analysis showed that the structure of perceived threat appraisal is the predictor of the intention to perform BSE (R2=0.027). Moreover, the logistic regression analysis showed that the protection motivation construct was a strong predictor for BSE (R2=0.25). CONCLUSION: The frequency of practice of BSE in female healthcare workers is low. Therefore, it is imperative to periodically emphasize the importance of early breast cancer diagnosis for them and the design of educational programs based on the PMT can increase the regular of BSE behavior.