Supply of medicines in the Terezín ghetto.

The article describes the supply and distribution of medicines in the Terezín (Theresienstadt) ghetto (1941-1945). The delivery of medicines for the ghetto took place in several ways. At the beginning of the ghettos  existence, doctors brought the most medicines in their suitcases. Some of the drugs came from incoming prisoners (confiscated). Later, the German doctor Krönert from Litoměřice (Leitmeritz), supplied medicaments. The Prague Jewish community, with the help of a member of the SS Bartels, procured medicines, too. The drugs were also supplied by nearby pharmacies in Roudnice nad Labem and Budyně nad Ohří. At the end of the war, the Red Cross brought drugs to Terezín, among other things. Distribution omedicines in the ghetto took place from the central drug store to individual pharmacies in health facilities. Here the nurses compiled a  list of required drugs. Doctors approved this list and wrote a request. Patients received medication in surgery or during hospital care.

Pharmacy, pharmacists and drugs in the Terezín ghetto.

The article describes the phenomenon of a pharmacy in the Jewish ghetto in Terezín (Theresienstadt) in connection with the local healthcare system and the history of this ghetto. It lists the names of the Czechoslovak Jewish pharmacists who passed through this ghetto, including their fates, whether they survived or were murdered in extermination concentration camps or died as a result of the cruel living conditions in the ghetto. The article discusses the fate of the so-called Mischlingskinder ("mixed children", i.e., persons deemed to have both "Aryan" and Jewish ancestry) and "Aryan" men and women from the so-called "mixed" marriages. In a separate section, the attention is also paid to the fate of Jewish pharmacists from Germany and Austria. In all chapters, the data illustrated by the fate of some pharmacists are stated. Key words: Jews pharmacy Terezín ghetto pharmacist shoah.

[The fate of Jewish pharmacists from the Czech Lands during the holocaust]. / Osudy zidovských farmaceutu z ceských zemí behem holocaustu.

The authors describe the lives of several Jewish pharmacists and their families who lived and worked in the Czech Lands during the years 1918-1945. Their stories represented a typical mosaic, which corresponds to the fate of the Jewish community in the Czech Lands during World War II - all lost their property and the majority of them were murdered or lost their immediate families. Only a few of them succeeded to survive thanks to early emigration. Some of them lived until the liberation of the concentration camp Theresienstadt, too.Key words: Jews pharmacy shoah concentration camp Auschwitz.

[Jews in European pharmacy from the seventh to the early twentieth centuries]. / Zidé v evropské farmacii od 7. do pocátku 20. století.

This article deals with less familiar theme - the status of Jewish doctors and pharmacists in the history of pharmacy from the 7th century AD to the early 20th century. They played an important role in the history of the Iberian Peninsula - initially under Muslim and after the Reconquista in 1492 under Christian rule. Most of them chose assimilation into the surrounding milieu, some of them escaped before the Christian Inquisition. Despite persecution, it was the golden age of Jewish medicine and pharmacy. During the existence of the Frankish empire we find only rare mentions of them - Jews isolated in the area of urban Jewish ghettos. Jewish doctors and pharmacists found better employment first in some Protestant countries (England, Holland). In Germany and Central Europe they gained ground at the end of the 19th century. A number of prominent scientists, especially from Eastern Europe, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries found a solution in immigration to the US to escape were anti-Semitism.Key words: Jews pharmacy Arab empire pharmacology.

[History of insulin production in Czechoslovakia]. / Historie výroby inzulinu v Ceskoslovensku.

The aim of the article is an effort to capture the history of insulin production in Czechoslovakia. Information has been obtained mainly from two Czech journals: "Casopis lékaru ceských" (published since 1862) and "Praktický lékar" (published since 1921). At first, imported insulin in the form of insulin injections or substances from which insulin was prepared appeared at the market in Czechoslovakia. During years 1923-1945, insulin was produced by five companies, since 1945 only by one company "Léciva".

[History of diabetes treatment in Czechoslovakia prior to 1989]. / Historie lécby diabetu v Ceskoslovensku do roku 1989.

The article aims to outline the historical development of treatment of diabetes in Czechoslovakia. Information has been obtained mainly from two Czech journals, Casopis lékaru ceských (The Journal of Czech Physicians, published since 1862) and Praktický lékar (The General Practitioner, published since 1921). Until the discovery of insulin, the treatment of diabetes was based on the use of different diets and a great benefit was obtained by spa treatment. In 1923, imported insulin appeared on the market in Czechoslovakia; insulin injections or substances from which insulin was prepared. In the years 1923-1945, insulin was produced by five companies, then insulin and oral antidiabetics were manufactured just by one firm Léciva (Pharmaceuticals).