Effect of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes on salivary biomarkers: A systematic review.

Background: E-cigarette consumption is increasing, and like conventional smoking, it can cause some harmful effects. This systematic review compared the effect of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes on salivary biomarkers. Methods: The search strategies included electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE) and related journals up to May 2023. A qualitative assessment was performed on data extracted from the included studies. Seven studies were included in this systematic review (number of patients=563). Results: Eleven biomarkers were assessed and compared between e-cigarette and conventional cigarette smokers. The data showed that the different effects of electronic and conventional cigarettes on the level of these biomarkers were not achievable. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies (I2 statistic>90%), performing a meta-analysis was impossible. Even after a sub-group classification, homogeneous data were not achieved. Conclusion: The current data do not provide evidence of obtainable outcomes between conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes on salivary biomarkers.

Double vertical interrupted suture for optimal adaptation and stabilization of free gingival graft around dental implants: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Free gingival graft is commonly used to augment the keratinized mucosa and vestibular depth around dental implants. The proper suturing technique is fundamental to achieve a successful result following free gingival graft. However, there are limited studies that focus on the details of the suturing methods to optimize graft adaptation. The purpose of this technical note is to describe a new suturing technique for optimal approximation and stabilization of free gingival graft around dental implants. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we present a 53-year-old Persian female with peri-implantitis and lack of keratinized mucosa around mandibular implants who was a candidate for free gingival graft. A new suturing technique, double vertical interrupted suture, was conducted in the interimplant areas. In addition, the suspensory cross-mattress sutures were added to ensure the adaptation of the graft over the implants. The proposed suturing technique is useful for soft tissue augmentation around multiple implants with concave or uneven recipient bed. CONCLUSION: The present article describes a novel suturing technique for good adaptation and fixation of free gingival graft around dental implants.

Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Long-Term Repair Bond Strength of Aged Methacrylate-Based Resin Composite Restorations: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

This systematic review and network meta-analysis is aimed at investigating the effect of common surface treatments on the long-term repair bond strength of aged resin composite restorations and to rank and compare these surface treatments. In vitro studies evaluating the methacrylate-based resin composites subjected to rigorous aging protocols before and after being repaired with a new composite were included. A frequentist network meta-analysis was carried out using a random effects model. P scores were used to rank the efficacy of the surface treatments. Also, the global and node-split inconsistencies were evaluated. Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched until July 07, 2022. Twenty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the application of silane and a total-etch (shear MD 32.35 MPa, 95% CI: 18.25 to 46.40, P score 0.95; tensile MD 33.25 MPa, 95% CI: 25.07 to 41.44; P score 0.77) or a self-etch (shear MD 38.87 MPa, 95% CI: 21.60 to 56.14, P score 0.99; tensile MD 32.52 MPa, 95% CI: 23.74 to 41.29; P score 0.73) adhesion protocol subsequent to the roughening with diamond bur produced the highest (micro)tensile and (micro)shear bond strengths compared to diamond bur alone as the control group. There was no difference between self- and total-etch adhesive protocols. Mechanical surface treatments yielded greater bond strength when used alongside the chemical adhesive agents. Further, it is possible to achieve acceptable repair bond strength using common dental clinic equipment. Therefore, clinicians could consider repairing old resin composites rather than replacing them.

Effect of photobiomodulation in secondary intention gingival wound healing-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Photobiomodulation is widely being used to improve the wound healing process in dentistry and a vast majority of studies have proven its benefits. But there are plenty of knowledge gaps according to the optimal laser characteristics which should be used to maximize the healing effects of lasers. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) as an adjunctive treatment to periodontal therapies to evaluate secondary intention gingival wound healing and post-operative pain. METHODS: Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Sciences) were searched up to November 30, 2020, for clinical trials that reported the result of the application of PBM on secondary gingival healing wounds and post-operative pain and discomfort after periodontal surgeries. Two independent reviewers selected the eligible studies and the outcomes of interest were extracted. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. RESULTS: Ultimately, twelve studies were included in this review. The application of PBM as an adjunct to periodontal surgeries resulted in a significant improvement in wound healing indices. The Landry wound healing index at the 7th post-operative day was significantly improved (SMD = 1.044 [95% CI 0.62-1.46]; p < 0.01) in PBM + surgery groups compared to the control groups. There was also a statistically significant increase in the complete wound epithelialization (RR = 3.23 [95% CI 1.66-6.31]; p < 0.01) at the 14th post-operative day compared to the control groups. The methods used to assess the post-operative pain were heterogeneous, and therefore the results were limited which made the meta-analysis for post-operative pain assessment not possible. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this review, PBM can be effectively used as a method to improve secondary intention wound healing. High-quality randomized clinical trials, however, are needed in the future to identify the optimal PBM irradiation parameters and the effect of PBM on post-operative pain.

Effect of different types of acid-etching agents and adhesives on enamel discoloration during orthodontic treatment.

Background. Acid etching and bonding is a routine process in orthodontic treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate enamel discoloration after using different types of acid etching and adhesive agents. Methods. A total of 105 extracted human premolars were divided into six groups regarding the type of acid etching agent: solution and gel of 37% phosphoric acid, and type of self-cured adhesive agent: Unite (3M, fluoride-free), Resilience (Ortho Technology), and Rely-a-Bond (Reliance, fluoride-releasing adhesive), with each group containing 15 specimens. All the selected teeth were subjected to a staining process, and color parameters were determined using a spectrophotometer. Results. The type of phosphoric acid (solution or gel) had no significant effect on the color change of enamel (P >0.05). Resilience significantly changed the enamel color compared to the Unite and Rely-a-Bond (P <0.001). There was no significant difference in color change between the Unite and Rely-a-Bond adhesives (P =0.67). The difference in color change between all the three time intervals (T0-T1, T1-T2, and T0-T2) was significant (P <0.001). Conclusion. In this study, the type of phosphoric acid (solution or gel) did not result in any significant difference in enamel color. Also, considering the lack of the effect of the orthodontic adhesive type in terms of fluoride release or no fluoride release, it can be concluded that this is most affected by the commercial brand of adhesives.