Aerosol inhalation delivery of cefazolin in mice: Pharmacokinetic measurements and antibacterial effect.

Aerosol inhalation delivery of cefazolin, a broad-spectrum first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, was investigated. Inhalation system based on ultrasonic nebulizer was developed for the generation of dry cefazolin aerosol within mean particle diameter range 0.5-3.0 µm and mass concentration 0.01-3 µg/cm3. Pharmacokinetic measurements were carried out for the aerosolized form of cefazolin delivered in mice using nose-only chamber. Cefazolin concentrations in blood serum and in the lungs of mice were measured as a function of time by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Body-delivered dose depending on particle size, concentration and inhalation time as well as other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The antibacterial effect of aerosolized cefazolin was assessed through the aerosol inhalation treatment of mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Survival rate for infected mice after the treatment with cefazolin aerosol demonstrated high antibacterial efficiency of the inhalation delivery of cefazolin in comparison with intraperitoneal delivery.

[Application of mathematical modeling methods in the evaluation of severity of ischemic stroke in patients with arterial hypertension]. / Primenenie metodov matematicheskogo modelirovaniia v otsenke tiazhesti ishemicheskogo insul'ta u patsientov s arterial'noi gipertenziei.

AIM: To study the possibility of applying methods of mathematical modeling in assessing the severity of ischemic stroke in patients with arterial hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 80 patients with ischemic stroke. Blood pressure was measured. Transcutaneous polarography was used to measure the oxygen tension in tissues. Measurements of gas composition of the blood and thickness of the intima-media complex were performed. The level of stable metabolites of nitric oxide in the blood was determined. Measurement of endothelin-1 in the blood was performed by enzyme immunoassay. NIHSS scale was administered to assess the neurological status. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the degree of neurological deficit. The control group consisted of 10 people without signs of vascular pathology. RESULTS: An increase in the neurological deficit was accompanied by an increase in the level of endothelin-1, a decrease in the level of stable metabolites of nitric oxide, and a reduction in tissue oxygenation. Discriminative functions were developed for each group of patients using discriminant analysis based on the data obtained in the study. The most statistically significant were two signs: the level of systolic blood pressure and the content of stable metabolites of nitric oxide in the blood. CONCLUSION: Thus, the imbalance in the indices of endothelium-dependent mechanisms of vascular tone regulation reflect the severity of the condition in ischemic stroke. The method of discriminant analysis allows the creation of sufficiently reliable mathematical models that can have practical significance, and can be used as a method of clarifying the severity of the condition in the acute period of ischemic stroke.

[Influence of anthropogenic environmental factors on the occurrence of acute ischemic attacks in the population of an industrial town]. / Vliianie antropogennykh faktorov sredy obitaniia na vozniknovenie ostrykh narushenii mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia u naseleniia promyshlennogo goroda.

An analysis of the incidence of acute ischemic attacks (AIA) has shown its steady rise in the population of Orenburg in 1997-2000, men are 1.8 times more frequently ill than women with a relatively stable growth in both examined groups. Analyzing morbidity rates in age groups (under and above 50 years) has demonstrated a substantial increase in the incidence of AIA in the under 50-year group living in the Industrial District. The blood levels of essential trace elements in patients with AIA are lower than the normal values in the residents of the Industrial and Central Districts.

[Criteria of the unfavorable course of meningoencephalitis of rhinogenic origin]. / Kriterii neblagopriiatnogo techeniia meningoentsefalitov rinogennoi prirody.

The paper presents the data on 318 patients who visited "Diagnostics" Medical Centre. Among the patients there were 195 women (61%) and 123 men (39%) aged 9-71 years. Somatizated mental pathology was diagnosed in 306 cases. A cohort of the patients examined reflected quite adequately both the frequency and the types of mental pathology, exactly: neurotic, personal, psychotic and organic (somatic). But these patients did not received necessary psychiatric aid. Clinical, cultural and social-psychological causes of this situation are considered. Among such causes there is deterioration of both dispensary and ambulatory-polyclinic psychiatric service.

[The morphofunctional characteristics of the myocardium in acute cerebral ischemia]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika miokarda pri ostroi ishemii mozga.

Morphofunctional condition of the myocardium was studied post-mortally in 15 patients with hemispheric ischemic accident and 56 rats with hemispheric brain ischemia. Light and electron microscopy data evidence that morphological changes in the myocardium start on the ischemia hour 1 and involve structures of the cells, including mitochondria contractile apparatus, transport system and cell membranes.

[Diagnostic and prognostic role of organ-specific plasma enzymes in the acute period of cerebral circulatory disorders]. / Diagnosticheskaia i prognosticheskaia rol' organospetsificheskikh fermentov plazmy krovi v ostrom periode narusheniia mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia.

Sixty-two patients with ischemic stroke were studied over time (1st-12th day) for the activity of enzymes and isoenzymes of energy metabolism (CPK, LDH, SDH). It has been shown that the brain-specific CPK BB-isoenzyme may serve as a marker of the severity and extension of brain damage while the aerobic LDH fractions may be useful in evaluation of the reversibility of hypoxic changes in the brain. The authors consider the employment of the studied enzymes for the prognosis of vascular and tissue damage.