ABSTRACT
Our screening of plants showed that Cyperus alternifolius (Umbrella papyrus) had the highest efficiency removal in real wastewater containing monoethanolamine-higher than Echinodorus cordifolius (Creeping Burrhead), Thalia geniculata (Alligator Flag), Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag), and Dracaena sanderiana (Lucky Bamboo). Therefore, this research studied the degradation of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) by C. alternifolius. Plants could degrade TEA into DEA, then into MEA, and then further into acetic acid. The accumulation of ethanolamines was found mainly in plant stems, which had the highest biomass. This demonstrated that the molecular size is closely related to a diffusion coefficient that affects the removal rate through plant bodies. A smaller molecular weight-MEA (MW = 61.08 g mol(-1))-was taken up the fastest, followed by DEA (MW = 105.14 g mol(-1)) and TEA (MW = 149.19 g mol(-1)), the highest molecular weight. The plants' toxicity when exposed to ethanolamines elucidated that MEA had the highest toxicity, followed by DEA and TEA. In addition, the application of C. alternifolius in monoethanolamine-contaminated wastewater revealed that plant could completely uptake MEA at day 5 from an initial MEA concentration of 18 mM. The result indicated that C. alternifolius has the potential to remove ethanolamines and can be applied to ethanolamine-contaminated wastewater.
Subject(s)
Cyperus/metabolism , Ethanolamines/metabolism , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , Cyperus/drug effects , Ethanolamines/toxicity , Wastewater/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicityABSTRACT
One hr, 3 hr and 6 hr after i.v. injection of tritiated gitoxin, digoxin and digitoxin to the guinea-pig, the chloroform-insoluble metabolites, mainly conjugates known to be cardio-inactive, represent two thirds of the cardiac glycoside and metabolites content of plasma for gitoxin, half for digitoxin and one quarter for digoxin. Most of the compounds taken up by the myocardium are chloroform-soluble and may be considered as cardio-active. Considering the nature and proportions of the unchanged cardiac glycoside and its cardio-active metabolites in the myocardium of the guinea-pig, the cardiac effects that would be measured after administration of digoxin ar due to unchanged digoxin only; after administration of digitoxin, these effects are partly due to unchanged digitoxin but also to 12 beta-hydroxylated metabolites; after administration of gitoxin, besides unchanged gitoxin, the hydrolysis products of the sugar chain of gitoxin may contribute to the cardiac effects. The data obtained in plasma and in myocardium between 1 and 6 hr after administration of digoxin or gitoxin show that the distribution of the unchanged cardiac glycoside and each chloroform-soluble metabolite, from plasma to myocardium, is achieved 1 hr after administration. This situation does not occur with digitoxin and its metabolites.
Subject(s)
Digitalis Glycosides/metabolism , Myocardium/metabolism , Animals , Biotransformation , Blood Proteins/metabolism , Digitalis Glycosides/administration & dosage , Digitalis Glycosides/blood , Female , Guinea Pigs , Injections, Intravenous , Male , Protein BindingABSTRACT
Rat and guinea-pig hearts were perfused with gitoxin and gitaloxin at various concentrations. Simultaneously, the amplitude of myocardial contractions was recorded. In the case of guinea-pig, digoxin and digitoxin were studied, too. After perfusion, the amount of cardiac glycoside taken up by each heart was determined. The uptakes of gitoxin and gitaloxin by rat hearts were similar and directly proportional to the glycoside concentration in the perfusion medium. In guinea-pig hearts, the sequence in binding amount of digoxin less than gitaloxin less than gitoxin less than or equal to digitoxin. The positive inotropic effects of the four glycosides in guinea-pig hearts were similar; the toxicity, however, increased in the sequence: gitoxin less than gitaloxin congruent to digoxin less than digitoxin. Briefly, gitoxin is bound to the guinea-pig heart muscle much more than its positional isomer, digoxin; though it shows a similar positive inotropic effect on guinea-pig hearts, gitoxin appears to be markedly less toxic than the three other glycosides.
Subject(s)
Digitoxin/pharmacology , Digoxin/analogs & derivatives , Digoxin/pharmacology , Heart/drug effects , Myocardium/metabolism , Animals , Digitoxin/metabolism , Digoxin/metabolism , Extracellular Space/drug effects , Female , Guinea Pigs , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Rats , Species SpecificitySubject(s)
Digitalis Glycosides/pharmacology , Heart/drug effects , Animals , Digitalis Glycosides/metabolism , Digitoxin/metabolism , Digitoxin/pharmacology , Digoxin/analogs & derivatives , Digoxin/metabolism , Digoxin/pharmacology , Guinea Pigs , In Vitro Techniques , Isomerism , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Myocardium/metabolismABSTRACT
We have developed a radioimmunoassay for aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic drug used in the treatment of ventricular disorders. The antibodies were produced by immunization of New-zealand rabbits with aprindine coupled to human serum albumin. Their biochemical characteristics have been determined. Tritiated aprindine was used as radioactive competitor. The cross-reactivity with several metabolites of aprindine was studied too. Finally, the results obtained by RIA in plasma and tissues of dogs were compared to those obtained by gas-chromatography.
