ABSTRACT
The accumulation of four human pharmaceuticals active compounds (HPhAC) in the muscle of four fish species of the Rio de la Plata Basin were assessed regarding the compound logP and pKa, and fish trophic levels. For Prochilodus lineatus, accumulation was compared to hepatic biotransformation enzymes and fish from two sampling areas with different urbanization degree. Species were the detritivore Prochilodus lineatus, the omnivores Megaleporinus obtusidens and Pimelodus maculatus, and the piscivorous Salminus brasiliensis. Sampling areas were the Inner Rio de la Plata Estuary (RLP), in front of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, and at the Lower Uruguay River (URU), a relatively unpopulated area. Carbamazepine, atenolol, enalapril, and sildenafil concentrations in fish muscle were analyzed by HPLC-MS. EROD, BROD, and GST activities were measured in P. lineatus liver. Average (maximum) concentrations and detection frequency were: Atenolol 24.4 (69.4) µg kg-1, 60%; carbamazepine 5.5 (45.8) µg kg-1, 19%; enalapril 7.0 (56.9) µg kg-1, 28%; sildenafil 17.1 (71.6) µg kg-1, 56%. Enalapril and sildenafil detection in fish was first-time reported. Atenolol and carbamazepine concentrations were positively correlated. No correlation was observed between HPhAC accumulation and logP or pKa. A potential biomagnification trend was observed for atenolol, showing higher accumulation in S. brasiliensis. HPhACs accumulation was higher for P. lineatus collected at URU, but GST and BROD were significantly higher for individuals sampled at RLP and were positively correlated. A significant negative correlation was observed for enalapril and BROD. The study contributes to the knowledge of the accumulation of HPhACs in fish.
Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Biotransformation , Environmental Monitoring , Fishes , Humans , Rivers , Uruguay , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
The accumulation of 17 human pharmaceuticals (HPs) was investigated in the muscle of three fish species characteristic of the "Rio de la Plata Basin" with different feeding habits and of relevance for human consumption: Megaleporinus obtusidens, Salminus brasiliensis, and Prochilodus lineatus. Fish were sampled in fall and spring from 8 localities distributed along 500â¯Km of the Uruguay River. Atenolol and carbamazepine were the most frequently detected HPs (>50%), but at concentrations always below 1⯵g/kg wet weight (w/w). Hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol, venlafaxine, propranolol, codeine, and the carbamazepine metabolite, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, were accumulated at higher levels showing maximum concentrations between 1 and 10⯵g/kg (w/w), but infrequently (<50%). The other HPs were always below 1⯵g/kg (w/w) and at frequencies lower than 50%. Distinctive accumulation patterns were observed among species at different trophic levels. However, biomagnification trends were not identified for any compound. The highest number and concentration of HPs were found in M. obtusidens (omnivorous), followed by P. lineatus (detritivorous), and lastly S. brasiliensis (piscivorous). The most recurrent HPs (i.e. carbamazepine and atenolol) were present in all species, but others exclusively in one. Geographical variations were only found for carbamazepine and atenolol in M. obtusidens and P. lineatus, showing higher concentrations in localities closer to the Rio de la Plata estuary. Differences in the HPs concentrations among seasons were not identified. Acceptable daily intake and predicted no effect concentrations would indicate that measured muscle concentrations in fish from the Uruguay River do not pose a serious risk for human consumption nowadays. Further studies will be necessary for assessing the potential adverse effects on studied fish species.
Subject(s)
Characiformes/metabolism , Fishes/metabolism , Muscles/chemistry , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Rivers/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Animals , Estuaries , Habits , Humans , Seafood , Seasons , South America , UruguayABSTRACT
Objetivo. Estudiar el ciclo sexual y la fecundidad del pejerrey patagónico, especie de alto valor comercial y deportivo, en el embalse Ezequiel Ramos Mexía (Neuquén, Río Negro; Argentina). Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron 9307 ejemplares. El ciclo sexual se estudió mediante la observación macroscópica de las gónadas y la fecundidad absoluta se calculó con la técnica volumétrica. Resultados. La talla de primera madurez sexual (Lm 50%) se estimó a través del ajuste de una curva logística. El desove tuvo lugar en primavera y principios de verano (septiembre a diciembre). La talla de primera madurez sexual, en las hembras, fue de 244,37 mm (Lt). La fecundidad absoluta varió entre 3.976 ovocitos en una hembra de 296 mm (Lt) y 190 g y 20.879 ovocitos en una hembra de 420 mm (Lt) y 704 g. Conclusiones. No se observó una relación significativa entre la fecundidad relativa y la longitud total de los ejemplares. La proporción de sexos resultó equilibrada en las clases de longitud intermedias, pero mostró una preponderancia de hembras en las mayores. El ciclo ovárico es altamente estacional y coincide con el de poblaciones de la especie en otros ambientes patagónicos. La fecundidad, en cambio, resultó más elevada que la observada en el lago Moreno, situado en la región cordillerana.
Objective. To study the sexual cycle and fecundity of the Patagonian silverside, a species of high commercial and sport value, from Ezequiel Ramos Mexia reservoir (Neuquen, Rio Negro; Argentina ). Materials and methods. Sampling was conducted between 1982 and 1986, and 9307 specimens were collected. The sexual cycle was studied by macroscopic observation of the gonads and fecundity was assessed using the volumetric method. Results. Length at first maturity (Lm 50%) was estimated by fitting a logistic curve. Spawning took place in spring and early summer (September to December). Length at first maturity was 244.37 mm (Lt) in females. Absolute fecundity ranged between 3.976 oocytes in a 296 mm (Lt), 190 g female and 20.879 oocytes in a 420 mm (Lt), 704 g female. Conclusions. No significant relation was found between relative fecundity and total length. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 at intermediate length classes, but females predominated in the larger classes. The ovarian cycle was highly seasonal and coincided with that of populations from other Patagonian environments. Fecundity, on the other hand, was higher than that observed at Moreno Lake, in the Andean region.
Subject(s)
Fertility , Argentina , ReproductionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Current knowledge on splanchnic haemodynamics in coeliac disease is limited and incomplete. AIM: To evaluate splanchnic arterial and venous blood flow in coeliac disease. METHODS: In 22 coeliac (13 untreated, nine treated) patients and in nine healthy subjects the following variables were assessed: vessel diameter and mean flow velocity in portal vein, splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and superior mesenteric artery. Peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and pulsatility index were also determined in the superior mesenteric artery. Five patients of the untreated group were re-evaluated after nine months on a gluten free diet. RESULTS: Significant differences in haemodynamic variables between the three groups were shown only in the superior mesenteric artery. An increase in both mean flow velocity and end diastolic velocity and a reduction in pulsatility index occurred in untreated patients compared with treated patients (p < 0.002; p < 0.04; p < 0.035) and with healthy controls (p < 0.001; p < 0.025; p < 0.0003). Similar results were obtained for the five patients evaluated before and after treatment (p < 0.03; p < 0.02; p < 0.03), in whom the mean flow velocity in the superior mesenteric vein also decreased after treatment (p < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between treated coeliac patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: In untreated coeliac disease there is a hyperdynamic mesenteric circulation that decreases after treatment.
