Trasplante renal en bloque: a propósito de un caso / En bloc kidney transplantation: case report

En México la enfermedad renal crónica en la población pediátrica es un grave problema de salud pública. Las alternativas terapéuticas en niños con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) son la diálisis y el trasplante renal (TxR), siendo esta última, la mejor opción terapéutica actual en niños con estadios terminal de la función renal. El objetivo de este manuscrito, fue reportar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento perioperatorio de pacientes pediátricos sometidos a trasplante renal en bloque. Paciente de sexo femenino, 12 años de edad, originaria de Veracruz, México. Portadora de ERC estadio IV de KDOQI, secundaria a glomerulopatía. Fue programada para TxR en bloque de donante cadavérico pediátrico; el que se realizó bajo anestesia general balanceada, con ventilación mecánica controlada, isquemia fría de 17 hs, isquemia caliente de 30 min y un tiempo quirúrgico de 5 hs y 10 min. El tiempo anestésico total, fue de 6 hs. La paciente fue trasladada a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, con adecuada aceptación del injerto renal. Durante los siguientes siete meses, el curso clínico ha sido satisfactorio, con estudios ecotomográficos renales normales. En esta paciente la glomerulonefritis, le ocasionó que debutara a muy corta edad con una enfermedad renal crónica con terapia sustitutiva de hemodiálisis. El trasplante renal en bloque realizado, fue exitoso debido al manejo multidisciplinario que participa en el programa de trasplante renal

In Mexico, chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem in pediatric patients. The therapeutic options for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children are dialysis and kidney transplant (KT); the latter constitutes the current treatment of choice for children suffering from end-stage renal disease. The aim of this study was to describe our experience of perioperative treatment of pediatric patients undergoing en bloc kidney transplant. Female patient, 12 years old, from Veracruz, Mexico, suffering from stage 4 CKD according to KDOQI criteria, secondary to glomerulonephritis. An en bloc kidney transplantarion from a pediatric deceased donor was performed; balanced general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation was used. Cold ischemia time was 17 hours and warm ischemia time was 30 minutes. The surgery lasted 5 hours and 10 minutes and the total anesthesia time was 6 hours. The patient was taken to the pediatric intensive care unit and showed an adequate renal graft acceptance. During the following seven months the clinical course was satisfactory and kidney echotomography showed normal results. Glomerulonephritis made this patient undergo hemodialysis replacement therapy due to CKD at a very early age. The en bloc kidney transplantation performed was successful thanks to the multidisciplinary management involved in the Kidney Transplant Program

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of frequent premature ventricular contractions using ARRAY multi-electrode balloon catheter.

BACKGROUND: The noncontact mapping system facilitates the mapping of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) using a 64-electrode expandable balloon catheter (ARRAY, St. Jude Medical). The aim of this study is to analyze the results and follow-up of the PVC ablation using this system. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospective and consecutive patients with frequent PVCs (6,000 or more) or monomorphic VT, suspected to be originated on the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), were included. The balloon catheter was positioned in the RVOT. Eighteen patients, 9 women, mean age 48 years (youngest/oldest 19-65) were included. Sixteen patients presented no structural heart disease. The origin of the arrhythmia was RVOT (n = 15), right ventricular inflow tract (n = 1), and left ventricular outflow tract (n = 2). Acute success was achieved in 15 patients; in 2 patients radiofrequency was not applied due to security reasons (origin site close to left coronary artery origin). The mean follow-up was 15 months (min. 4, max. 26); 13 patients presented abolition of the arrhythmia without drugs and 1 patient required antiarrhythmic drugs for arrhythmia control (previously ineffective). As an only complication, a femoral artery-venous fistula was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The noncontact mapping system using a multielectrode balloon allows right ventricular arrhythmia treatment with a high rate of efficacy and safety.

El papel del ganglio centinela en la evolución del cáncer de colon / The role of sentinel lymph node in colon cancer evolution

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este estudio es llevar a cabo la evaluación de la técnica de detección del ganglio centinela (GC) con tinción de azul de metileno «ex vivo» en el cáncer de colon, así como calcular la supraestadificación y su correlación con la evolución de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: Entre 2008 y 2011, 101 pacientes fueron operados de cáncer de colon con la detección del GC, estudiándose las micrometástasis. El seguimiento de los pacientes N0 fue mayor a un año en búsqueda de recidivas y si tenían relación con la aparición de dichas micrometástasis. RESULTADOS: El índice de detección del GC fue de 92 casos (91%). Fue positivo para micrometástasis en 9 casos, con una supraestadificación del 14%. La incidencia de falsos negativos fue de 9 pacientes (10%). El seguimiento medio de los 74 pacientes N0 fue de 38 meses. Se observó recurrencia en 4 pacientes (7%) del grupo de pacientes con GC− (65 pacientes) y en 2 pacientes (22%) en el grupo con GC+ (9 pacientes, sin diferencias estadísticas significativas. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en términos de supervivencia entre los 2 grupos. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio del GC es una práctica reproducible sin aumento significativo del tiempo y de costes. Puede llegar a supraestadificar el 14% de pacientes que habían sido clasificados como N0 con técnica convencional. En el seguimiento de los pacientes N0 con GC+ parece haber una tendencia a un porcentaje mayor de recidivas, lo que podría llevar a cambios en las pautas de tratamiento adyuvante, aunque debemos tomarlo con cautela ya que la muestra es escasa

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate the sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) with methylene blue staining "ex vivo" in colon cancer, as well as calculate the upstaging obtained by the determination of micrometastases and its correlation with the evolution of the disease. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2011, 101 patients with colon cancer undergoing resection were studied prospectively with SLNM and detection of micrometastases. The correlation of SLN micrometastases with the disease evolution was evaluated in patients with a follow-up of more than one year. RESULTS: The SLNM rate was 92 cases (91%). Only SLN was positive for micrometastases in 9 cases, with a 14% upstaging. The incidence of false negatives was 9 patients (10%). Mean follow of N0 patients (n = 74) was 38 months. The SLN- (negative) group (65 patients) had a recurrence rate of 4 patients (7%), whereas this rate was 2 patients (22%) in the group of SLN + (positive) (9 patients), but without significant differences. No differences in survival were observed. CONCLUSIONS: SLNM is a reproducible technique without significant increase in time and costs. Upstaging was obtained in 14% of patients staged as N0 by conventional technique. At follow-up of N0 patients with SLN + there seems to be a higher rate of recurrence, which could change the guidelines of adjuvant treatment, but we must interpret the results it with caution because the sample is small

The role of sentinel lymph node in colon cancer evolution.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate the sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) with methylene blue staining "ex vivo" in colon cancer, as well as calculate the upstaging obtained by the determination of micrometastases and its correlation with the evolution of the disease. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2011, 101 patients with colon cancer undergoing resection were studied prospectively with SLNM and detection of micrometastases. The correlation of SLN micrometastases with the disease evolution was evaluated in patients with a follow-up of more than one year. RESULTS: The SLNM rate was 92 cases (91%). Only SLN was positive for micrometastases in 9 cases, with a 14% upstaging. The incidence of false negatives was 9 patients (10%). Mean follow of N0 patients (n=74) was 38 months. The SLN- (negative) group (65 patients) had a recurrence rate of 4 patients (7%), whereas this rate was 2 patients (22%) in the group of SLN+(positive) (9 patients), but without significant differences. No differences in survival were observed. CONCLUSIONS: SLNM is a reproducible technique without significant increase in time and costs. Upstaging was obtained in 14% of patients staged as N0 by conventional technique. At follow-up of N0 patients with SLN+there seems to be a higher rate of recurrence, which could change the guidelines of adjuvant treatment, but we must interpret the results it with caution because the sample is small.

Retiro de "Stents" intracoronarios y cirugía de revascularización miocárdica / Retirada de "Stents" intracoronários e irurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Intracoronay “stents” removal and coronary artery Bypass grafting surgery

Introducción: es cada vez más frecuente la necesidad de retirar “stents” en la cirugía de revascularización. Material y métodos: serie de casos en los que se realiza endarterectomía y retiro de “stents” de vasos coronarios entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de abril del 2011. Se analizó morbilidad, antecedentes y evolución. Resultados: tres pacientes requirieron remoción de “stents”, dos de la descendente anterior y uno de la coronaria derecha, un paciente con infarto del miocardio falleció por choque cardiogénico. Conclusión: La remoción de “stents” en cirugía de revascularización debe considerar se como opción terapéutica en casos bien determinados.

Introdução: Cada vez é mais frequente a necessidade de retirar “stents” na cirurgia de revascularização. Material e métodos: série de casos onde são realizadas endarterectomia e retirada de“stents” de artérias coronárias entre 1 de janeiro e 30 de abril de 2011. Analisou-se morbilidade, antecedentes e evolução. Resultados: três pacientes tiveram remoção de “stents”, dois da artéria descendente anterior e um da coronária direita, um paciente com infarto do miocárdio faleceu por choquecardiogênico. Conclusão: A remoção de “stents” em cirurgia de revascularização deve considerar-se como opção terapêutica em casos bem determinantes.

Introduction: Stent removal is associated to coronary artery by-pass surgery is a more fre-quent procedure. Material and Methods: We present the cases that required endarterectomy, stent removal and coronary artery by-pass surgery between January 1, 2011, and April 30, 2011. We analyzedmedical history, morbidity, and evolution.Results: Three patients required stents removal, two in coronary anterior descending artery and one on right coronary artery. One patient with acute myocardial infarction died, due tocardiogenic shock. Conclusion: It was concluded that stent removal in coronary artery by-pass surgery shouldbe considered as a surgical option in selected cases.

Intracardiac malignant fibrous histiocytoma. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Primary cardiac tumors are rare forms of cardiac disease. The reported incidence varies between 0.002 and 0.3%; 25% of these tumors are malignant, usually a variant of sarcoma. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma constitutes <3% of primary cardiac tumors. CLINICAL CASE: We review the case of a 53-year-old female who presented with congestive heart failure and pleural effusion. Transthoracic echocardiography and chest computed tomography revealed cardiac tumor involving the left atrium. Tumor was excised surgically and histologically proven to be a malignant fibrous histiocytoma, primarily confined to the heart. During the immediate postoperative evolution, the patient presented left pleural effusion for 2 weeks. The patient was referred to Oncology Service for complementary treatment. CONCLUSION: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a rare tumor and, in this case, prognosis is reserved.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an excessive accumulation of fatty acids and triglycerides within the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes of non-alcohol users. The natural history varies according to the initial histological diagnosis. A current consideration is that cryptogenic cirrhosis may be representative of a late stage of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which has lost its features of necroinflammatory activity and steatosis in up to 80% of patients. Since NASH is able to progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development may be an end-stage of this disease. We report below two clinical cases of patients diagnosed with NASH who developed HCC. The relationship between NAFLD and HCC is reviewed.