Use of recombinant factor VIIa for refractory hemorrhage during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome and treatment of two patients with recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) for severe hemorrhage associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: A 38-bed pediatric intensive care unit and 20-bed pediatric cardiac intensive care unit at a tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENT: Two patients with life-threatening hemorrhagic complications associated with ECMO requiring massive transfusion of blood products. INTERVENTIONS: Administration of repeated doses of rFVIIa at 90 microg/kg/dose. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: PATIENT 1 was an 11-yr-old male with a dilated cardiomyopathy who had undergone an orthotopic heart transplant treated with venoarterial ECMO postoperatively for right ventricular dysfunction. PATIENT 2 was a 13-yr-old male treated with venoarterial ECMO for cardiopulmonary failure from necrotizing staphylococcal pneumonia. Both patients had severe hemorrhage from the cannulation sites and thoracostomy tubes requiring massive transfusion to maintain intravascular blood volume and replace clotting factors. Both patients were treated with rFVIIa every 2-4 hrs and attained hemostasis. PATIENT 1 was administered three doses and PATIENT 2 was administered ten doses. No evidence of abnormal thrombus formation was noted in their respective ECMO circuits. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of rFVIIa in reducing intractable bleeding postcardiac surgery and in other coagulopathic states is being investigated. Despite theoretical concerns of thrombosis, these cases illustrate that there may be a role for the cautious use of rFVIIa in treating severe and intractable hemorrhage associated with ECMO.

The impact of adverse patient occurrences on hospital costs in the pediatric intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of adverse patient occurrences defined as airway complication (AC), vascular complication (VC), and infectious complication (IC) on intensive care unit (ICU) costs and length of stay (LOS). DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study SETTING: An urban, tertiary care children's hospital in Philadelphia, PA. PATIENTS: All children admitted to a multidisciplinary pediatric ICU during the fiscal year 1994. INTERVENTIONS: None MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Demographic data, diagnoses, Pediatric Risk of Mortality scores, LOS, and deaths were recorded. Hospital charges were converted into costs by using cost-to-charge ratios. There were 23 AC, 35 VC, and 40 IC events. Multiple regression in models adjusting for age, Pediatric Risk of Mortality score, mortality, chronic disease, and diagnosis by using AC, VC, and IC indicator variables was performed on the dependent variables of LOS and total costs. IC was associated with an increase in total costs of $50,361.89 (p < .001), an increased LOS of 15.6 days (p < .001), and no significant increase in daily costs. There were no significant increases in costs or LOS seen with the AC and VC variables. In a matched analysis, the total costs attributable to IC averaged $32,040 per patient. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of complications in the pediatric ICU is associated with meaningful increases in LOS and hospital costs. ICs are more important predictors of costs than ACs or VCs. Continuing efforts should be made to minimize adverse occurrences to improve patient care and reduce costs.