Combining poly-epitope MoonTags and labeled nanobodies for signal amplification in cell-specific PET imaging in vivo.

Immunorecognition provides an excellent basis for targeted imaging techniques covering a wide range from basic research to diagnostics and from single cells to whole organisms. Fluorescence- or radioisotope-labeled antibodies, antibody fragments or nanobodies enable a direct signal readout upon binding and allow for versatile imaging from microscopy to whole-body imaging. However, as the signal intensity directly correlates with the number of labeled antibodies bound to their epitopes (1:1 binding), sensitivity for low-expressing epitopes can be limiting for visualization. For the first time, we developed poly-epitope tags with multiple copies (1 to 7) of a short peptide epitope, specifically the MoonTag, that are recognized by a labeled nanobody and aimed at signal amplification in microscopy and cell-specific PET imaging. In transiently transfected HeLa cells or stably transduced A4573 cells we characterized complex formation and in vitro signal amplification. Indeed, using fluorescently and radioactively labeled nanobodies we found an approximately linear signal amplification with increasing numbers of epitope copies in vitro. To test the poly-epitope approach in vivo, A4573 tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into the shoulder of NSG mice, with A4573 tumor cells expressing a poly-epitope of 7 MoonTags on one side and WT cells on the other side. Using a [68Ga]-labeled NODAGA-conjugated MoonTag nanobody, we performed PET/CT imaging at day 8-9 after tumor implantation. Specific binding of a [68Ga]-labeled NODAGA-conjugated MoonTag nanobody was observed in 7xMoonTag tumors (1.7 ± 0.5%ID/mL) by PET imaging, showing significantly higher radiotracer accumulation compared to the WT tumors (1.1 ± 0.3%ID/mL; p < 0.01). Ex vivo gamma counter measurements confirmed significantly higher uptake in 7xMoonTag tumors compared to WT tumors (p < 0.001). In addition, MoonTag nanobody binding was detected by autoradiography which was spatially matched with histological analysis of the tumor tissues. In conclusion, we expect nanobody-based poly-epitope tag strategies to be widely applicable for multimodal imaging techniques given the advantageous properties of nanobodies and their amenability to genetic and chemical engineering.

An audit for the inpatient management of patients with severe hypertension without acute end-organ damage at the Northern Sydney Local Health District.

Severe hypertension without acute end-organ damage is commonly encountered in inpatients. Despite this, there is a lack of international guidelines to manage this disorder. We conducted an audit to investigate the local practices within our health district. Current practices favour the use of rapidly acting antihypertensive drugs, which have been associated with iatrogenic injury.

Molecular Biomarkers Detected Using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in a Filipino with Retinoblastoma.

Background and Objective: Retinoblastoma is one of the most common intraocular cancers among children usually caused by the loss of retinoblastoma protein function. Despite being a highly heritable disease, conventional diagnostic and prognostic methods depend on clinical examination, with limited consideration of cancer genetics in the standard of care. CD133, KRT19, and MUC1 are commonly explored genes for their utility in liquid biopsies of cancer including lung adenocarcinoma. To date, there are few extensive molecular studies on retinoblastoma in Filipino patients. To this end, the study aimed to describe the copy number of CD133, KRT19, and MUC1 in retinoblastoma samples from a Filipino patient and quantitate the respective expression level of these genes. Methods: Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining was utilized to characterize the retinoblastoma tissue while fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probes specific to CD133, KRT19, and MUC1 was performed to determine the copy number of genes in retinoblastoma samples from a Filipino patient (n = 1). The gene expression of CD133, MUC1, and KRT19 was quantitated using RT-qPCR. Results: The H&E staining in the retinoblastoma tissue shows poorly differentiated cells with prominent basophilic nuclei. CD133 was approximately 1.5-fold overexpressed in the retinoblastoma tissue with respect to the normal tissue, while MUC1 and KRT19 are only slightly expressed. Multiple intense signals of each probe were localized in the same nuclear areas throughout the retinoblastoma tissue, with high background noise. Conclusion: These findings suggest that CD133 is a potential biomarker for the staging and diagnosis of retinoblastoma in Filipino cancer patients. However, further optimization of the hybridization procedures is recommended.

CLosure of Abdominal MidlineS Survey (CLAMSS): A national survey investigating current practice in the closure of abdominal midline incisions in UK surgical practice.

AIM: Incisional herniation (IH) is a frequent complication following midline abdominal closure with significant associated morbidity. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that the small bites technique (SBT) and prophylactic mesh augmentation (PMA) may reduce IH compared to mass closure techniques, but data are lacking on their implementation in contemporary surgical practice. This survey aimed to evaluate the use of the SBT and PMA and to identify factors associated with their adoption. METHOD: Between 22 January 2023 and 16 March 2023, consultant surgeons across the UK were asked to complete a 25-question survey on closure of an elective primary midline incision. RESULTS: Responses were received from 267 of 675 eligible surgeons (39.6%) in 38 NHS Trusts. Respondents were evenly split between tertiary centres (47.6%) and district general hospitals (49.4%). SBT and PMA were used by 19.9% and 3.0% of respondents, respectively. Compared to other techniques, surgeons using the SBT were more likely to close the anterior aponeurotic layer only, use single suture filaments, 2-0 gauge sutures and sharp needle points and routinely dissect abdominal layers to aid closure (all p < 0.001). Attendance at lectures/conferences on SBT (p = 0.043) and basing practice on available evidence (p < 0.001) were independently associated with use of the SBT. The commonest barriers to adopting SBT were a perceived lack of evidence (23.8%) and belief that personal IH rates were low (16.8%). CONCLUSION: A minority of UK consultant surgeons have adopted the SBT or PMA. Practice change should be driven by more widespread dissemination of current evidence and procedural information.

Tonically active GABAergic neurons in the dorsal periaqueductal gray control instinctive escape in mice.

Escape behavior is a set of locomotor actions that move an animal away from threat. While these actions can be stereotyped, it is advantageous for survival that they are flexible.1,2,3 For example, escape probability depends on predation risk and competing motivations,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and flight to safety requires continuous adjustments of trajectory and must terminate at the appropriate place and time.12,13,14,15,16 This degree of flexibility suggests that modulatory components, like inhibitory networks, act on the neural circuits controlling instinctive escape.17,18,19,20,21,22 In mice, the decision to escape from imminent threats is implemented by a feedforward circuit in the midbrain, where excitatory vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive (VGluT2+) neurons in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) compute escape initiation and escape vigor.23,24,25 Here we tested the hypothesis that local GABAergic neurons within the dPAG control escape behavior by setting the excitability of the dPAG escape network. Using in vitro patch-clamp and in vivo neural activity recordings, we found that vesicular GABA transporter-positive (VGAT+) dPAG neurons fire action potentials tonically in the absence of synaptic inputs and are a major source of inhibition to VGluT2+ dPAG neurons. Activity in VGAT+ dPAG cells transiently decreases at escape onset and increases during escape, peaking at escape termination. Optogenetically increasing or decreasing VGAT+ dPAG activity changes the probability of escape when the stimulation is delivered at threat onset and the duration of escape when delivered after escape initiation. We conclude that the activity of tonically firing VGAT+ dPAG neurons sets a threshold for escape initiation and controls the execution of the flight action.

Bosea rubneri sp. nov. Isolated from Organically Grown Allium cepa.

Strain ZW T0_25T was isolated from an onion sample (Allium cepa var. Hytech F1) within a storage trial and proofed to be a novel, aerobic, Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and of the whole draft genome sequences, i.e., digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI) showed that this strain represents a new species of the genus Bosea. The genome size of strain ZW T0_25T is 6.19 Mbp, and the GC content is 66.9%. As whole cell sugars, rhamnose, ribose and glucose were identified. Ubiquinone Q-10 is the major respiratory quinone with 97.8%. Polar lipids in strain ZW T0_25T are composed of one phosphatidylethanolamine, one phosphatidylglycerol, one aminophospholipid, two aminolipids, one glycolipid and two phospholipids whereas the fatty acid profile predominantly consists of C18:1 w7c (63.3%), C16:1 w7c (19.5%) and C16:0 (7.1%). Phenotypic traits were tested in the wet lab as well as predicted in silico from genome data. Therefore, according to this polyphasic approach, the new name Bosea rubneri sp. nov. with the type strain ZW T0_25T (= DSM 116094 T = LMG 33093 T) is proposed.

OSA type-III and neurocognitive function.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) due to a hypertrophy of the adenoids and/or the tonsils in otherwise healthy children is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and behavioural disorders with various degrees of hyperactivity, aggressiveness, sometimes evolving to a label of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children with anatomical and/or functional abnormalities of the upper airways represent a very specific population which is at high risk of OSA (also called complex OSA or OSA type III). Surprisingly, the neurocognitive consequences of OSA have been poorly studied in these children, despite the fact that OSA is more common and more severe than in their healthy counterparts. This may be explained by that fact that screening for OSA and sleep-disordered breathing is not systematically performed, the performance of sleep studies and neurocognitive tests may be challenging, and the respective role of the underlining disease, OSA, but also poor sleep quality, is complex. However, the few studies that have been performed in these children, and mainly children with Down syndrome, tend to show that OSA, but even more disruption of sleep architecture and poor sleep quality, aggravate the neurocognitive impairment and abnormal behaviour in these patients, underlining the need for a systematic and early in life assessment of sleep and neurocognitive function and behaviour in children with OSA type III.

Integrating socioeconomic and ecological data into restoration practice.

Driven by the United Nations Decade on Restoration and international funding initiatives, such as the Mangrove Breakthrough, investment in mangrove restoration is expected to increase. Yet, mangrove restoration efforts frequently fail, usually because of ad hoc site-selection processes that do not consider mangrove ecology and the socioeconomic context. Using decision analysis, we developed an approach that accounts for socioeconomic and ecological data to identify sites with the highest likelihood of mangrove restoration success. We applied our approach in the Biosphere Reserve Marismas Nacionales Nayarit, Mexico, an area that recently received funding for implementing mangrove restoration actions. We identified 468 potential restoration sites, assessed their restorability potential based on socioeconomic and ecological metrics, and ranked sites for implementation with spatial optimization. The metrics we used included favorable conditions for propagules to establish and survive under sea-level rise, provision of ecosystem services, and community dynamics. Sites that were selected based on socioeconomic or ecological metrics alone had lower likelihood of mangrove restoration success than sites that were selected based on integrated socioeconomic and ecological metrics. For example, selecting sites based on only socioeconomic metrics captured 16% of the maximum attainable value of functioning mangroves able to provide propagules to potential restoration sites, whereas selecting sites based on ecological and socioeconomic metrics captured 46% of functioning mangroves. Our approach was developed as part of a collaboration between nongovernmental organizations, local government, and academics under rapid delivery time lines given preexisting mangrove restoration implementation commitments. The systematic decision process we used integrated socioeconomic and ecological considerations even under short delivery deadlines, and our approach can be adapted to help mangrove restoration site-selection decisions elsewhere.

Integración de datos socioeconómicos y ecológicos en las prácticas de restauración Resumen Se espera que la inversión en la restauración de los manglares incremente debido a la Década de Restauración de las Naciones Unidad y las iniciativas internacionales de financiamiento, como The Mangrove Breakthrough. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos de restauración de manglares fallan con frecuencia, generalmente por los procesos de selección de sitios ad­hoc que no consideran la ecología del manglar y el contexto socioeconómico. Usamos el análisis de decisiones para desarrollar una estrategia que considera los datos socioeconómicos y ecológicos para identificar los sitios con mayor probabilidad de éxito de restauración. Aplicamos nuestra estrategia en la Reserva de la Biósfera Marismas Nacionales Nayarit, México, un área que recibió financiamiento reciente para la restauración del manglar. Identificamos 468 sitios potencialmente restaurables, evaluamos su potencial de restauración con base en medidas ecológicas y socioeconómicas y clasificamos los sitios para la implementación con la optimización espacial. Las medidas que usamos incluían las condiciones favorables para que los propágulos se establezcan y sobrevivan con el incremento en el nivel del mar, el suministro de servicios ambientales y las dinámicas de la comunidad. Los sitios seleccionados sólo con base en las medidas ecológicas o socioeconómicas tuvieron una menor probabilidad de éxito de restauración que los sitios que se seleccionaron con base en medidas socioeconómicas y ecológicas integradas. Por ejemplo, la selección de sitios con base sólo en las medidas socioeconómicas capturó el 16% del máximo valor alcanzable de manglares funcionales capaces de proporcionar propágulos a los sitios potenciales de restauración, mientras que la selección basada en medidas ecológicas y socioeconómicas capturó el 46% de los manglares funcionales. Desarrollamos nuestra estrategia como parte de una colaboración entre organizaciones no gubernamentales, el gobierno local y académicos sujetos a una fecha pronta de entrega debido a los compromisos preexistentes para la restauración de manglares. El proceso de decisión sistemática que usamos integró las consideraciones ecológicas y socioeconómicas incluso con plazos cortos de entrega. Nuestra estrategia puede adaptarse para apoyar en la selección de sitios de restauración de manglares en otros sitios.

Developmental milestones in captive Galago moholi.

Systems of the body develop in a modular manner. For example, neural development in primates is generally rapid, whereas dental development varies much more. In the present study, we examined development of the skull, teeth, and postcrania in a highly specialized leaping primate, Galago moholi. Eighteen specimens ranging from birth to adult were studied. Bones, teeth, and the cranial cavity (i.e., endocast) were reconstructed with Amira software based on microCT cross-referenced to histology. Amira was also used to compute endocast volume (as a proxy for brain size). Reconstructions of the wrist and ankle show that ossification is complete at 1 month postnatally, consistent with the onset of leaping locomotion in this species. Endocranial volume is less than 50% of adult volume at birth, ~80% by 1 month, and has reached adult volume by 2 months postnatal age. Full deciduous dentition eruption occurs by 2 weeks, and the young are known to begin capturing and consuming arthropods on their own by 4 weeks, contemporaneous with the timing of bone and ankle ossification that accompanies successful hunting. The modular pattern of development of body systems in Galago moholi provides an interesting view of a "race" to adult morphology for some joints that are critical for specialized leaping and clinging, rapid crown mineralization to begin a transitional diet, but perhaps more prolonged reliance on nursing to support brain growth.

Global drivers of mangrove loss in protected areas.

Despite increasing efforts and investment in mangrove conservation, mangrove cover continues to decline globally. The extent to which protected area (PA) management effectively prevents mangrove loss globally across differing management objectives and governance types is not well understood. We combined remote sensing data with PA information to identify the extent and the drivers of mangrove loss across PAs with distinct governance types and protection levels based on categories developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Mangrove loss due to storms and erosion was prevalent across all governance types and most IUCN categories. However, the extent of human-driven loss differed across governance types and IUCN categories. Loss was highest in national government PAs. Private, local, shared arrangement, and subnational government agencies had low human-driven mangrove loss. Human-driven loss was highest in PAs with the highest level of restrictions on human activities (IUCN category I) due to mangrove conversion to areas for commodity production (e.g., aquaculture), whereas PAs that allowed sustainable resource use (e.g., category VI) experienced low levels of human-driven mangrove loss. Because category I PAs with high human-driven loss were primarily governed by national government agencies, conservation outcomes in highly PAs might depend not only on the level of restrictions, but also on the governance type. Mangrove loss across different governance types and IUCN categories varied regionally. Specific governance types and IUCN categories thus seemed more effective in preventing mangrove loss in certain regions. Overall, we found that natural drivers contributed to global mangrove loss across all PAs, whereas human-driven mangrove loss was lowest in PAs with subnational- to local-level governance and PAs with few restrictions on human activities.

Factores globales en la pérdida de manglares en las áreas protegidas Resumen A pesar del incremento en los esfuerzos e inversión de la conservación de los manglares, su cobertura sigue disminuyendo en todo el mundo. No se conoce muy bien el grado al que el manejo de las áreas protegidas (AP) previene eficientemente la pérdida mundial de los manglares en los diferentes objetivos de manejo y tipos de gestión. Combinamos los datos de teledetección con información de las AP para identificar el grado y los factores de la pérdida de manglares en las AP con tipos de gestión claros y niveles de protección basados en las categorías desarrolladas por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN). La pérdida por tormentas y erosión fue común en todos los tipos de gestión y en la mayoría de las categorías de la UICN. Sin embargo, el grado de pérdida antropogénica difirió entre los tipos de gestión y las categorías de la UICN. La pérdida fue mayor en las AP de gobiernos nacionales. Las agencias privadas, locales, de acuerdo compartido y las gubernamentales subnacionales tuvieron una pérdida antropogénica baja. La pérdida antropogénica fue mayor en la AP con el nivel más alto de restricción para las actividades humanas (categoría I de la UICN) debido a la conversión del manglar en áreas de producción de mercancía (p. ej.: acuacultura), mientras que las AP que permiten el uso sostenible de los recursos (p. ej.: categoría VI) tuvieron niveles bajos de pérdida antropogénica. Ya que las AP de categoría I con mayor pérdida antropogénica están gestionadas principalmente por agencias gubernamentales, puede que los resultados de conservación en las AP con mayor pérdida dependan no sólo del nivel de restricciones sino también del tipo de gestión. La pérdida del manglar en los diferentes tipos de gestión y en las categorías de la UICN varió en cada región. Por lo tanto, los tipos específicos de gestión y las categorías de la UICN parecen ser más eficientes en la prevención de la pérdida de manglares en ciertas regiones. En general, encontramos que los factores naturales contribuyen a la pérdida mundial del manglar en todas las AP, mientras que la pérdida antropogénica fue más baja en las AP con un nivel de subnacional a local de gestión y en las AP con pocas restricciones para la actividad humana.

The changing epidemiology of pulmonary infection in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: an 18-year experience.

The impact of evolving treatment regimens, airway clearance strategies, and antibiotic combinations on the incidence and prevalence of respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) in children and adolescents remains unclear. The incidence, prevalence, and prescription trends from 2002 to 2019 with 18,339 airway samples were analysed. Staphylococcus aureus [- 3.86% (95% CI - 5.28-2.43)] showed the largest annual decline in incidence, followed by Haemophilus influenzae [- 3.46% (95% CI - 4.95-1.96)] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [- 2.80%95% CI (- 4.26-1.34)]. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and Burkholderia cepacia showed a non-significant increase in incidence. A similar pattern of change in prevalence was observed. No change in trend was observed in infants < 2 years of age. The mean age of the first isolation of S. aureus (p < 0.001), P. aeruginosa (p < 0.001), H. influenza (p < 0.001), Serratia marcescens (p = 0.006) and Aspergillus fumigatus (p = 0.02) have increased. Nebulised amikacin (+ 3.09 ± 2.24 prescription/year, p = 0.003) and colistin (+ 1.95 ± 0.3 prescriptions/year, p = 0.032) were increasingly prescribed, while tobramycin (- 8.46 ± 4.7 prescriptions/year, p < 0.001) showed a decrease in prescription. Dornase alfa and hypertonic saline nebulisation prescription increased by 16.74 ± 4.1 prescriptions/year and 24 ± 4.6 prescriptions/year (p < 0.001). There is a shift in CF among respiratory pathogens and prescriptions which reflects the evolution of cystic fibrosis treatment strategies over time.

Assessment of ICD eligibility in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy patients: a position statement by the Task Force of the Dutch Society of Cardiology.

International guidelines recommend implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 35% despite optimal medical therapy and a life expectancy of more than 1 year with good functional status. We propose refinement of these recommendations in patients with NICM, with careful consideration of additional risk parameters for both arrhythmic and non-arrhythmic death. These additional parameters include late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and genetic testing for high-risk genetic variants to further assess arrhythmic risk, and age, comorbidities and sex for assessment of non-arrhythmic mortality risk. Moreover, several risk modifiers should be taken into account, such as concomitant arrhythmias that may affect LVEF (atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular beats) and resynchronisation therapy. Even though currently no valid cut-off values have been established, the proposed approach provides a more careful consideration of risks that may result in withholding ICD implantation in patients with low arrhythmic risk and substantial non-arrhythmic mortality risk.

Assessment of obstructive sleep apnoea in children: What are the challenges we face?

There is an increasing demand for the assessment of sleep-disordered breathing in children of all ages to prevent the deleterious neurocognitive and behaviour consequences of the under-diagnosis and under-treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea [OSA]. OSA can be considered in three broad categories based on predominating contributory features: OSA type 1 [enlarged tonsils and adenoids], type II [Obesity] and type III [craniofacial abnormalities, syndromal, storage diseases and neuromuscular conditions]. The reality is that sleep questionnaires or calculations of body mass index in isolation are poorly predictive of OSA in individuals. Globally, the access to testing in tertiary referral centres is comprehensively overwhelmed by the demand and financial cost. This has prompted the need for better awareness and focussed history taking, matched with simpler tools with acceptable accuracy used in the setting of likely OSA. Consequently, we present key indications for polysomnography and present scalable, existing alternatives for assessment of OSA in the hospital or home setting, using polygraphy, oximetry or contactless sleep monitoring.

The establishment of a collaborative surveillance program with indigenous hunters to characterize primate health in Southern Guyana.

The consumption of primates is integral to the traditional subsistence strategies of many Indigenous communities throughout Amazonia. Understanding the overall health of primates harvested for food in the region is critical to Indigenous food security and thus, these communities are highly invested in long-term primate population health. Here, we describe the establishment of a surveillance comanagement program among the Waiwai, an Indigenous community in the Konashen Amerindian Protected Area (KAPA). To assess primate health in the KAPA, hunters performed field necropsies on primates harvested for food and tissues collected from these individuals were analyzed using histopathology. From 2015 to 2019, hunters conducted 127 necropsies across seven species of primates. Of this sample, 82 primates (between 2015 and 2017) were submitted for histopathological screening. Our histopathology data revealed that KAPA primates had little evidence of underlying disease. Of the tissue abnormalities observed, the majority were either due to diet (e.g., hepatocellular pigment), degenerative changes resulting from aging (e.g., interstitial nephritis, myocyte lipofusion), or nonspecific responses to antigenic stimulation (renal and splenic lymphoid hyperplasia). In our sample, 7.32% of individuals had abnormalities that were consistent with a viral etiology, including myocarditis and hepatitis. Internal parasites were observed in 53.66% of individuals and is consistent with what would be expected from a free-ranging primate population. This study represents the importance of baseline data for long-term monitoring of primate populations hunted for food. More broadly, this research begins to close a critical gap in zoonotic disease risk related to primate harvesting in Amazonia, while also demonstrating the benefits of partnering with Indigenous hunters and leveraging hunting practices in disease surveillance and primate population health assessment.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) - A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants born < 29 weeks gestation with/without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). STUDY DESIGN: Preterm infants < 29 weeks' gestation born 2007-2018 in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia, were included. Infants who died < 36 weeks' postmenstrual age and those with major congenital anomalies were excluded. Subjects were assessed at 18-42 months corrected age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd edition. RESULTS: 1436 infants without BPD (non-BPD) and 1189 infants with BPD were followed. The BPD group, 69 % infants were discharged without respiratory support (BPD1), 29 % on oxygen (BPD2) and 2 % on pressure support/tracheostomy (BPD3). Moderate neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was evident in 5.7 % of non-BPD infants, 11 % BPD1, 15 % BPD2, 15 % BPD3 infants. Severe NDI was seen in 1.7 % non-BPD infants, 3.4 % BPD1, 7.3 % BPD2, 35 % BPD3 infants. After adjusting for confounders, infants with BPD2 (OR 2.24, 99.9 % CI 1.25 to 5.77) or BPD3 (OR 5.99, 99.9 % CI 1.27 to 46.77) were more likely to have moderate-severe NDI compared to non-BPD infants. CONCLUSION: The majority of infants with BPD were discharged home without respiratory support and had better neurocognitive outcomes in early childhood compared to those that required home-based oxygen or respiratory support.