Chronic effects of copper and zinc on the fish, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) by continuous flow through (CFT) bioassay.

Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) play a vital role in the growth and development, however increased uptake causes deleterious effects in normal functioning of organisms. We have demonstrated in this contribution the tolerance limit of Cu and Zn on Etroplus suratensis (pearl spot) by Continuous Flow Through (CFT) bioassay and the biomarker responses. The accumulation for Cu, Zn and selected trace metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from field conditions, as well Geo-accumulation index (I geo) and Contamination factor (C.F) suggested moderate to heavy pollution in the Cochin estuarine system. The 96 h LC50 values for Cu was 1.74 ±â€¯0.04 mg L-1and that for Zn was 24.36 ±â€¯0.58 mg L-1 at 95% confidence interval. No observed effect concentration (NOEC) and low observed effect concentration (LOEC) for Cu and Zn were derived based on the survival rates. Chronic toxicity values for Cu and Zn were 0.23 mg L-1 and 2.005 mg L-1 respectively for 30 days period. The histological, biochemical, hematological and behavioral parameters showed significant variations at sublethal concentrations. Lamellar hyperplasia in gills, vacuolation combined with necrosis in liver, increased occurrence of melanomacrophage centres in spleen were noticed at chronic levels for both Cu and Zn. Tissue specific bioconcentration was observed for zinc and copper in gill and liver respectively, with least rate of bioconcentration observed in muscle tissues. Malaonate Dehydrogenase (MDH), Super oxide dismutase (SOD), Nonspecific esterase (EST) activity significantly varied compared to control at NOEC and LOEC values in both the metals. The hematological and genotoxic alterations as decrease in erythrocyte count, lymphocytes, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) and increased thrombocytes and neutrophils, increased frequency of micronuclei, lobed, blebbed and notched nuclei and binucleate cells were characteristic for the metals at the sublethal concentrations. The frequency of behavioral changes remained significantly higher at chronic level than the control group. Thus such CFT based studies are important for precisely mapping the toxicity changes in organisms and also to develop suitable water quality guidelines.

Toxicity effects of zinc on two marine diatoms, under varying macronutrient environment.

Diatoms constitute one of the fundaments in the trophic food chains and are responsible for much of the bioaccumulation of heavy metals, in particular zinc, throughout the web of food chains. Chaetoceros calcitrans and Thalassiosira weissflogii are widely present as a dominant marine diatom in estuarine and coastal waters. The zinc uptake, its fractionation in subcellular structures and macromolecular compartments in two marine diatoms, C. calcitrans and T. weissflogii and trophic transfer under different macronutrient concentrations were investigated. The study reveals a significant interaction between macronutrients and metal uptake by the two diatom species. Increased cellular accumulation of zinc and N, P-limited condition were found to affect N, P and Si assimilation by diatoms negatively. Conversely, nitrogen (N) limitation inhibited the intracellular uptake of zinc. However, at higher concentration of zinc, the difference in zinc uptake between nutrient enriched condition (+NP) and nutrient limited (N or P) condition become smaller, indicating that the zinc uptake by diatoms is less dependent on N containing protein ligands at high Zn concentration. Nitrogen concentration in the medium was also found to affect the relative distribution of zinc in subcellular structures and macromolecular components. However, major portion of zinc was distributed in soluble substance and in the protein of the algal cells. The N limited condition facilitates the accumulation of zinc in cell organelles (insoluble substance) leading to increased toxicity. Trophic transfer of zinc was also measured by calculating percentage of metal retained in mussel, Perna viridis over the experiment period. Regardless of the algal species, the percentage of accumulation of zinc was found to be high in mussels fed with algal cells acclimated to nutrient enriched condition (31 and 38%). Our study therefore suggests that N enrichment may lead to an increase in Zn uptake and transfer in marine plankton.