ABSTRACT
Introduction: The reporting of approaches facilitating the most efficient and timely recruitment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients into pharmacologic trials is fundamental to much-needed therapeutic progress. Methods: T2 Protect AD (T2), a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial of troriluzole in mild to moderate AD, used multiple recruitment strategies. Results: T2 exceeded its recruitment target, enrolling 350 participants between July 2018 and December 2019 (randomization rate: 0.87 randomizations/site/month, or 3-fold greater than recent trials of mild to moderate AD). The vast majority (98%) of participants were enrolled during a 10-month window of intense promotion in news media, TV and radio advertisements, and social media. The distribution of primary recruitment sources included: existing patient lists at participating sites (72.3%), news media (12.3%), physician referral (6.0%), word of mouth (3.1%), and paid advertising (2.9%). Discussion: The rapid recruitment of participants with mild to moderate AD was achieved through a range of approaches with varying success.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine whether schizophrenia was associated with alterations in alcohol response that might explain the elevated risk for AUDs in this population. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counter-balanced 3 test day laboratory study, the effects of alcohol were compared in 23 subjects with schizophrenia (without any previous alcohol use disorder (AUD) but with some alcohol exposure) and in 14 healthy subjects matched for age, gender, education, and lifetime exposure to alcohol. Standard alcohol drinks in a scheduled design were administered to produce blood alcohol levels of 0, 0.02-0.04 mg%, or 0.06-0.08 mg%. Schizophrenia symptoms, perceptual alterations, stimulant and depressant subjective effects of alcohol, and 'high' were measured before alcohol administration and at several post-drug time points. Verbal learning and recall, vigilance and distractibility, and motor function were assessed once per test day. Relative to healthy subjects, subjects with schizophrenia reported greater euphoria and stimulatory effects in response to alcohol. Alcohol produced small transient increases in positive psychotic symptoms and perceptual alterations without affecting negative symptoms. Alcohol also impaired several aspects of immediate and delayed recall, and vigilance, and distractibility. Schizophrenia patients showed increased euphoric and stimulatory responses to alcohol. These exaggerated positive responses to alcohol doses may contribute to the increased risk for AUDs associated with schizophrenia. The absence of 'beneficial' effects of alcohol does not support a self-medication hypothesis of alcohol use in schizophrenia.
Subject(s)
Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/physiopathology , Brain/drug effects , Ethanol/adverse effects , Euphoria/drug effects , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/complications , Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/psychology , Arousal/drug effects , Arousal/physiology , Brain/physiopathology , Central Nervous System Depressants/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Euphoria/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Memory Disorders/chemically induced , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Placebo Effect , Risk Factors , Schizophrenia/complicationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study tested the hypothesis that deficits in gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor function might create a vulnerability to the psychotogenic and perceptual altering effects of serotonergic (5-HT(2A/2C)) receptor stimulation. The interactive effects of iomazenil, an antagonist and partial inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine site of the GABA(A) receptor complex, and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), a partial agonist of 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors, were studied in 23 healthy male subjects. METHODS: Subjects underwent 4 days of testing, during which they received intravenous infusions of iomazenil/placebo followed by m-CPP/placebo in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Behavioral, cognitive, and hormonal data were collected before drug infusions and periodically for 200 min after. RESULTS: Iomazenil and m-CPP interacted in a synergistic manner to produce mild psychotic symptoms and perceptual disturbances without impairing cognition. Iomazenil and m-CPP increased anxiety in an additive fashion. Iomazenil and m-CPP interacted in a synergistic manner to increase serum cortisol. CONCLUSIONS: Gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic deficits might increase the vulnerability to the psychotomimetic and perceptual altering effects of serotonergic agents. These data suggest that interactions between GABA(A) and 5-HT systems might contribute to the pathophysiology of psychosis and dissociative-like perceptual states.
