Subject(s)
Hospital Information Systems , Internet , Materials Management, Hospital/methods , Commerce/methods , Decision Making, Organizational , Efficiency, Organizational , Group Purchasing , Hospital Distribution Systems , Materials Management, Hospital/economics , Purchasing, Hospital/methods , Systems Integration , United StatesABSTRACT
Rapid acute neuronal tolerance (RANT) to the depressant effects of ethanol (EtOH) is a desensitization of EtOH-induced depression of neuronal firing that develops over the first 5 to 7 min of EtOH exposure. This phenomenon has been hypothesized to play a role in acute behavioral insensitivity to EtOH and is expressed by cerebellar Purkinje neurons in animals selectively bred for insensitivity to EtOH-induced ataxia, such as low-alcohol-sensitive (LAS) rats and short-sleep mice. Purkinje neurons of animals bred for high sensitivity to EtOH-induced behavioral ataxia, such as high-alcohol-sensitive (HAS) rats and long-sleep mice, only infrequently express such acute tolerance to EtOH-induced depression of neuronal activity. However, because higher EtOH doses are required to depress Purkinje neuron activity in LAS rats than in HAS rats, it was not known whether the higher EtOH doses that depress LAS neurons would also induce RANT to EtOH in HAS rats, which were generally not exposed to such high EtOH doses in previous studies. Furthermore, the conditions for development and maintenance of RANT to EtOH had not been characterized. We found that RANT to EtOH-induced depression of cerebellar neurons principally developed within 5 min of EtOH application and recovered within 20 min of the last EtOH exposure and that neurons in HAS rats did not develop acute tolerance to the higher EtOH doses that were effective in LAS rats. We conclude that this rapid tolerance contributes to the acute EtOH sensitivity difference between LAS and HAS rats.
Subject(s)
Ethanol/toxicity , Neurons/physiology , Purkinje Cells/physiology , Action Potentials/drug effects , Animals , Ataxia/chemically induced , Drug Tolerance , Mice , Neurons/drug effects , Purkinje Cells/drug effects , Rats , Species Specificity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The dentist who uses implants in conjunction with natural abutment teeth should apply the same principles and guidelines that have proved themselves in fixed and removable prosthodontics. This article reviewed the basic biomechanical principles of span deflection and Class I lever systems as they may apply to fixed prosthodontics with and without implant abutments.