ABSTRACT
Exercise facilitates hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity that in turn, promotes cognitive function. Our previous studies have demonstrated that in male mice, voluntary exercise enables hippocampus-dependent learning in conditions that are normally subthreshold for long-term memory formation in sedentary animals. Such cognitive enhancement can be maintained long after exercise has ceased and can be re-engaged by a subsequent subthreshold exercise session, suggesting exercise-induced benefits are temporally dynamic. In females, the extent to which the benefits of exercise can be maintained and the mechanisms underlying this maintenance have yet to be defined. Here, we examined the exercise parameters required to initiate and maintain the benefits of exercise in female C57BL/6J mice. Using a subthreshold version of the hippocampus-dependent task called object-location memory (OLM) task, we show that 14d of voluntary exercise enables learning under subthreshold acquisition conditions in female mice. Following the initial exercise, a 7d sedentary delay results in diminished performance, which can be re-facilitated when animals receive 2d of reactivating exercise following the sedentary delay. Assessment of estrous cycle reveals enhanced wheel running activity during the estrus phase relative to the diestrus phase, whereas estrous phase on training or test had no effect on OLM performance. Utilizing the same exercise parameters, we demonstrate that 14d of exercise enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, an effect that persists throughout the sedentary delay and following the reactivating exercise session. Previous studies have proposed exercise-induced BDNF upregulation as the mechanism underlying exercise-mediated benefits on synaptic plasticity and cognition. However, our assessment of hippocampal Bdnf mRNA expression following memory retrieval reveals no difference between exercise conditions and control, suggesting that persistent Bdnf upregulation may not be required for maintenance of exercise-induced benefits. Together, our data indicate that 14d of voluntary exercise can initiate long-lasting benefits on neuroplasticity and cognitive function in female mice, establishing the first evidence on the temporal endurance of exercise-induced benefits in females.
Subject(s)
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Animals , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Female , Hippocampus/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Motor Activity/physiology , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To explore the homogeneity level of four different functional mRNA ï¼PUM2, TAB2, Cx45 and CHRNA1ï¼ expressions in rats with skeletal muscle contusion. METHODS: The relative expressions of PUM2, TAB2, Cx45 and CHRNA1 mRNAs were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ï¼RT-qPCRï¼. The coefficient of variation ï¼CVï¼ of the relative expressions for different individuals in each injury group was calculated. The extreme value of CV, cumulative variability, and CVCV were compared. RESULTS: A high CV of PUM2 and TAB2 mRNAs appeared on several different time points. However, the CV of Cx45 and CHRNA1 mRNAs was relatively low. The cumulative variability from high to low was PUM2, CHRNA1, TAB2 and Cx45 mRNAs. The relative expression of PUM2 mRNA was significantly higher than that of TAB2, Cx45 and CHRNA1 mRNAs ï¼ P<0.05ï¼. There was no statistical significance ï¼P>0.05ï¼ in the CVCV of the relative expression of TAB2, CHRNA1 and Cx45 mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: As the mRNAs involving in biological process regulation, PUM2 and CHRNA1 mRNAs show a lowest individual homogeneity of the relative expression followed by TAB2 mRNA. As the mRNAs participating in the composition of cellular structure, Cx45 and CHRNA1 mRNAs show a high individual homogeneity of the relative expressions. The functional classification should be considered for the screening of the mRNA indicators used for wound age estimation.
Subject(s)
Contusions , RNA, Messenger , RNA-Binding Proteins , Wound Healing , Animals , Contusions/classification , Contusions/diagnosis , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between wound age and the expressions of frizzled-2 ï¼Fzd2ï¼ mRNA and its protein in rats skeletal muscle after contusion, and to explore its possibility of being an index for wound age estimation. METHODS: The mRNA and protein expressions of Fzd2 in rats skeletal muscle of the control group and the experimental group within 4-48 h after contusion were detected per 4 h by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: AThe relative expression of Fzd2 mRNA increased at 24 h, 36 h and 40 h after contusion, and the expression at 24 h was twice as the control group ï¼ P<0.05ï¼. The relative expression of Fzd2 protein changed inconspicuously after contusion ï¼P>0.05ï¼. CONCLUSIONS: The changes of Fzd2 mRNA expression after contusion in a certain time can be a basis to estimate wound age by combined multi-indicators.
