Recent Advances and Multiple Strategies of Monoterpenoid Overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica.

Monoterpenoids are an important subclass of terpenoids that play important roles in the energy, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and fragrances fields. With the development of biotechnology, microbial synthesis of monoterpenoids has received great attention. Yeasts such Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica are emerging as potential hosts for monoterpenoids production because of unique advantages including rapid growth cycles, mature gene editing tools, and clear genetic background. Recently, advancements in metabolic engineering and fermentation engineering have significantly enhanced the accumulation of monoterpenoids in cell factories. First, this review introduces the biosynthetic pathway of monoterpenoids and comprehensively summarizes the latest production strategies, which encompass enhancing precursor flux, modulating the expression of rate-limited enzymes, suppressing competitive pathway flux, mitigating cytotoxicity, optimizing substrate utilization, and refining the fermentation process. Subsequently, this review introduces four representative monoterpenoids. Finally, we outline the future prospects for efficient construction cell factories tailored for the production of monoterpenoids and other terpenoids.

HCMMD: systematic evaluation of metabolites in body fluids as liquid biopsy biomarker for human cancers.

Metabolomics is a rapidly expanding field in systems biology used to measure alterations of metabolites and identify metabolic biomarkers in response to disease processes. The discovery of metabolic biomarkers can improve early diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and therapeutic intervention for cancers. However, there are currently no databases that provide a comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between metabolites and cancer processes. In this review, we summarize reported metabolites in body fluids across pan-cancers and characterize their clinical applications in liquid biopsy. We conducted a search for metabolic biomarkers using the keywords ("metabolomics" OR "metabolite") AND "cancer" in PubMed. Of the 22,254 articles retrieved, 792 were deemed potentially relevant for further review. Ultimately, we included data from 573,300 samples and 17,083 metabolic biomarkers. We collected information on cancer types, sample size, the human metabolome database (HMDB) ID, metabolic pathway, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of metabolites, sample source, detection method, and clinical features were collected. Finally, we developed a user-friendly online database, the Human Cancer Metabolic Markers Database (HCMMD), which allows users to query, browse, and download metabolite information. In conclusion, HCMMD provides an important resource to assist researchers in reviewing metabolic biomarkers for diagnosis and progression of cancers.

Establishment of a selectable marker recycling system for iterative gene editing in Fusarium fujikuroi.

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a vital plant growth hormone widely used in agriculture. Currently, GA3 production relies on liquid fermentation by the filamentous fungus Fusarium fujikuroi. However, the lack of an effective selection marker recycling system hampers the application of metabolic engineering technology in F. fujikuroi, as multiple-gene editing and positive-strain screening still rely on a limited number of antibiotics. In this study, we developed a strategy using pyr4-blaster and CRISPR/Cas9 tools for recycling orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (Pyr4) selection markers. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this method for iterative gene integration and large gene-cluster deletion. We also successfully improved GA3 titers by overexpressing geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which rewired the GA3 biosynthesis pathway. These results highlight the efficiency of our established system in recycling selection markers during iterative gene editing events. Moreover, the selection marker recycling system lays the foundation for further research on metabolic engineering for GA3 industrial production.

Grayanane diterpenoids from Craibiodendron yunnanense with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.

Twenty-five grayanane diterpenoids including six undescribed compounds (craibiodenoside A-F), were isolated from the leaves of Craibiodendron yunnanense W. W. Smith. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectrometric analyses. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. The results demonstrated that three undescribed compounds craibiodenoside A, B, F, and three known compounds could inhibit the release of IL-6 significantly. In addition, the antinociceptive activities of compounds were assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing test. Craibiodenoside D, grayanoside D, and rhodojaponins VI exhibited notable antinociceptive activities. Specifically, rhodojaponins VI exhibited antinociceptive activity with the inhibition percentage of 87.6%.

Androgens drive sexual dimorphism in liver metastasis by promoting hepatic accumulation of neutrophils.

The liver is one of the most-favored distant metastatic sites for solid tumors, and interactions between cancer cells and components of the hepatic microenvironment are essential for liver metastasis (LM). Although sex is one of the determinants for primary liver cancer, sexual dimorphism in LM (SDLM) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We herein demonstrate a significant male-biased SDLM, which is attributed to host androgen/androgen receptor (Ar) signaling that promotes hepatic seeding of tumor cells and subsequent outgrowth in a neutrophil-dependent manner. Mechanistically, androgen/Ar signaling promotes hepatic accumulation of neutrophils by promoting proliferation and development of neutrophil precursors in the bone marrow, as well as modulating hepatic recruitment of neutrophils and their functions. Antagonizing the androgen/Ar/neutrophil axis significantly mitigates LM in males. Our data thus reveal an important role of androgen in LM and suggest that androgen/Ar modulation represents a promising target for LM therapy in men.

Preparation, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Thermosensitive in situ Gel Loaded with Ibuprofen-Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Rectal Delivery.

Background: Ibuprofen (IBU), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, shows poor gastrointestinal absorption due to its low solubility, which limits its clinical application. Objective: In the present study, we aimed to develop thermosensitive gel-mediated ibuprofen-solid lipid nanoparticles (IBU-SLN-ISG) to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of IBU after rectal delivery. Methods: IBU-loaded SLNs (IBU-SLNs) were developed and optimized applying Box-Behnken design. The optimized IBU-SLNs were characterized by physicochemical parameters and morphology. Then, the optimized IBU-SLNs was incorporated into the gel and characterized for gel properties and rheology and investigated its release in vitro, pharmacokinetics in vivo, rectal irritation and rectal retention time. Results: The optimized SLNs had an EE of 90.74 ± 1.40%, DL of 11.36 ± 1.20%, MPS of 166.77 ± 2.26 nm, PDI of 0.27 ± 0.08, and ZP of -21.00 ± 0.59 mV. The FTIR spectra confirmed successful encapsulation of the drug inside the nanoparticle as only peaks responsible for the lipid could be identified. This corroborated well with XRD spectra, which showed a completely amorphous state of the IBU-SLNs as compared to the crystalline nature of the pure drug. The gelation temperature of the prepared IBU-SLN-ISG was 33.30 ± 0.78°C, the gelation time was 14.67 ± 2.52 s, the gel strength was 54.00 ± 1.41 s, and the mucoadhesion was (11.54±0.37) × 102dyne/cm2. The in vitro results of IBU-SLNs and IBU-SLN-ISG showed a biphasic release pattern with initial burst release followed by sustained release. More importantly, IBU-SLN-ISG produced much better absorption of IBU and improved bioavailability in rats. In addition, IBU-SLN-ISG caused no irritation or damage to rectal tissues, and could be retained in the rectum for a long time. Conclusion: Thermosensitive in situ gel loaded with IBU-solid lipid nanoparticles might be further developed as a more convenient and effective rectal dosage form.

Ultrasound-triggered microbubble destruction enhances the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma by inhibiting PGRMC1-mediated autophagy in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-triggered microbubble destruction (UTMD) is a widely used noninvasive technology in both military and civilian medicine, which could enhance radiosensitivity of various tumors. However, little information is available regarding the effects of UTMD on radiotherapy for glioblastoma or the underlying mechanism. This study aimed to delineate the effect of UTMD on the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma and the potential involvement of autophagy. METHODS: GL261, U251 cells and orthotopic glioblastoma-bearing mice were treated with ionizing radiation (IR) or IR plus UTMD. Autophagy was observed by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were used to detect progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), light chain 3 beta 2 (LC3B2) and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) levels. Lentiviral vectors or siRNAs transfection, and fluorescent probes staining were used to explore the underlying mechanism. RESULTS: UTMD enhanced the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.01). UTMD inhibited autophagic flux by disrupting autophagosome-lysosome fusion without impairing lysosomal function or autophagosome synthesis in IR-treated glioblastoma cells. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, bafilomycin A1 or ATG5 siRNA had no significant effect on UTMD-induced radiosensitization in glioblastoma cells (P < 0.05). Similar results were found when autophagy was induced by rapamycin or ATG5 overexpression (P > 0.05). Furthermore, UTMD inhibited PGRMC1 expression and binding with LC3B2 in IR-exposed glioblastoma cells (P < 0.01). PGRMC1 inhibitor AG-205 or PGRMC1 siRNA pretreatment enhanced UTMD-induced LC3B2 and p62 accumulation in IR-exposed glioblastoma cells, thereby promoting UTMD-mediated radiosensitization (P < 0.05). Moreover, PGRMC1 overexpression abolished UTMD-caused blockade of autophagic degradation, subsequently inhibiting UTMD-induced radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells. Finally, compared with IR plus UTMD group, PGRMC1 overexpression significantly increased tumor size [(3.8 ± 1.1) mm2 vs. (8.0 ± 1.9) mm2, P < 0.05] and decreased survival time [(67.2 ± 2.6) d vs. (40.0 ± 1.2) d, P = 0.0026] in glioblastoma-bearing mice. CONCLUSION: UTMD enhanced the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma partially by disrupting PGRMC1-mediated autophagy.

Effect of endoscopic radiofrequency ablation on the survival of patients with inoperable malignant biliary strictures: A large cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an emerging technique for the palliation of inoperable malignant biliary strictures (MBSs). We aimed to systemically investigate the long-term outcome of RFA in a large cohort of patients. METHODS: We recruited 883 patients with various MBSs who underwent endoscopic interventions at two large-volume centers; 124 patients underwent RFA and stenting, whereas 759 underwent stenting alone. To overcome selection bias, we performed 1:4 propensity score matching (PSM). The main outcome was overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Following PSM, patients in the RFA group showed significantly longer OS (9.5 months; 95% CI: 7.7-11.3 months) than those in the stenting alone group (6.1 months; 95% CI: 5.6-6.6 months; P < .001). In stratified analyses, the improved OS was only demonstrated in the subgroup of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (11.3 months 95% CI: 10.2-12.4 vs 6.9 months 95% CI: 6.0-7.8; P < .001), but not in the subgroups of gallbladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and other metastatic cancers (all P > .05). The survival benefits were noted only in the patients with non-metastatic cholangiocarcinoma (11.5 vs 7.4 months, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The survival benefits of endoscopic RFA appear to be limited to patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma without distant metastasis.

Fully-covered metal stent for the treatment of post-percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) obstruction due to a blood clot in the common bile duct: a case report.

AIM: This study aimed to report a case of a fully-covered metal stent for the treatment of post-Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (PTBD) obstruction caused by a blood clot in the common bile duct (CBD). CASE PRESENTATION: The case involved a 75-year-old man who had a history of recurring upper abdominal pain and jaundice. The result of an abdominal computerized tomography showed a stricture in the CBD. After PTBD, bleeding in the tube of PTBD was noted. The bleeding sites were detected using superselective hepatic arteriography. After the bleeding was stopped, Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed to insert a fully-covered metal stent to extract the blood clot. Five months later, He was performed whipple procedure successfully and the pathology shows adenocarcinoma (cholangicarcinoma). This was the first case reported in China. CONCLUSIONS: The complications related to post-PTBD obstruction, which was caused by a blood clot in the CBD, might lead to serious health issues or even death. The blood clot could be diagnosed according to laboratory and clinical data, particularly imaging. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and ERCP were necessary and effective for the patient in the present case. Successfully placement of a fully-covered stent could relieve jaundice. The residual thrombus was easily extracted through the stent. This was important for the preparation of the coming procedure.

Study on the structure-activity relationship of dihydroartemisinin derivatives: Discovery, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dihydroartemisinin-bile acid conjugates as potential anticancer agents.

A series of dihydroartemisinin derivatives was synthesized, and their anti-proliferation activity against cancer cells was evaluated. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of dihydroartemisinin-bile acid conjugates that exhibit broad-spectrum anti-proliferation activities. Among them, the dihydroartemisinin-ursodeoxycholic acid conjugate (49) was the most potent, with IC50 values between 0.04 and 0.96 µM when tested to determine its inhibitory properties against 15 various cancer cell lines. In vivo experiments showed that compound 49 effectively suppressed tumor growth in an A549 cell xenograft model at the dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight and in Lewis lung cancer cell transplant model at the dosage of 12 mg/kg body weight.

Pharmacokinetics of five phthalides in volatile oil of Ligusticum sinense Oliv.cv. Chaxiong, and comparison study on physicochemistry and pharmacokinetics after being formulated into solid dispersion and inclusion compound.

BACKGROUNDS: The dried rhizome of Ligusticum sinense Oliv.cv. Chaxiong has been used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, anemia and stroke. A high purity extract from chaxiong (VOC, brownish yellow oil) was extracted and separated. Its main components were senkyunolide A (SA, 33.81%), N-butylphthalide (NBP, 1.38%), Neocnidilide (NOL, 16.53%), Z-ligustilide (ZL, 38.36%), and butenyl phthalide (BP, 2.48%), respectively. Little is known about the pharmacokinetics of these phthalides in Chaxiong, and different preparations to improve the physicochemistry and pharmacokinetics of VOC have not been investigated. METHODS: At different predetermined time points after oral administration or intravenous administration, the concentrations of SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in the rat plasma were determined using LC-MS/MS, and the main PK parameters were investigated. VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-ß-CD inclusion compound were prepared by melting solvent method and grinding method, respectively. Moreover, the physicochemical properties, dissolution and pharmacokinetics of VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-ß-CD inclusion compound in rats were assessed in comparison to VOC. RESULTS: The absorptions of SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in VOC were rapid after oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability was less than 25%. After the two preparations were prepared, dissolution rate was improved at pH 5.8 phosphate buffer solution. Comparing VOC and physical mixture with the solid dispersion and inclusion compound, it was observed differences occurred in the chemical composition, thermal stability, and morphology. Both VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-ß-CD inclusion compound had a significantly higher AUC and longer MRT in comparison with VOC. CONCLUSION: SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in VOC from chaxiong possessed poor absolute oral bioavailability. Both VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-ß-CD inclusion compound could be prospective means for improving oral bioavailability of SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in VOC.

Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of new aminothiazole-oximepiperidone cephalosporins.

Four new aminothiazole-oximepiperidone cephalosporins (10a-10d) were synthesized, with their in vitro antibacterial activities against hospital isolated Gram-negative bacteria assessed. The results showed that compounds 10a-10d effectively inhibit a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. Compound 10a was the most potent compound, with comparable activity as ceftazidime. The combination of compound 10a and Avibactam was very active against almost all bacteria tested, which including multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii. Compared to Avycaz, this combination is more potent against ESBL producing K. pneumoniae. Thus, the combination of 10a and Avibactam is of interest for further studies.

[Pharmacokinetic study on five components in phthalide target areas of Chaxiong and its ß-CD inclusion compounds based on UPLC-MS/MS].

This study aims to establish a method for the determination of the concentration of five main components of phthalide target areas of Chaxiong(CPTA) and its inclusion of ß-CD in the plasma of rats, and determine the pharmacokinetic parameters, absolute bioavailability and relative bioavailability of CPTA/ß-CD inclusion compound in vivo. The plasma concentrations of senkyunolide A, N-butylphthalide, new osthol lactone, Z-ligustilide and butenyl phthalide were determined with UPLC-MS/MS. The content determination was conducted at the chromatographic conditions as follows: Shim-pack GIST C_(18)-AQ HP column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 3 µm), mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid solution(A)-acetonitrile(B), gradient elution, flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1), column temperature of 35 ℃ and injection volume of 2 µL. The mass spectra were obtained with electrospray ion source(ESI), positive ion mode and multi reaction monitoring. CPTA/ß-CD inclusion compound was prepared by grinding method, DAS 2.0 software was used to model the data, and the absolute bioavailability of CPTA and relative bioavailability of inclusion compound were calculated. Finally, the methods for the determination of five components of senkyunolide A, N-butylphthalide, new osthol lactone, Z-ligustilide and butenyl phthalide in CPTA, were successfully established. The linear relationship among the five components was good within their respective ranges, r>0.99. The absolute bioavailability of the five components in rats was 22.30%, 16.32%, 21.90%, 10.16% and 12.43%, respectively. After CPTA/ß-CD inclusion was prepared, the relative bioavailability of the five components was 138.69%, 198.39%, 218.01%, 224.54% and 363.55%, respectively, significantly improved. This method is rapid, accurate and sensitive, so it is suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of extracts in traditional Chinese medicine and their preparations.

Pharmacokinetic study on five components in phthalide target areas of Chaxiong and its β-CD inclusion compounds based on UPLC-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to establish a method for the determination of the concentration of five main components of phthalide target areas of Chaxiong(CPTA) and its inclusion of β-CD in the plasma of rats, and determine the pharmacokinetic parameters, absolute bioavailability and relative bioavailability of CPTA/β-CD inclusion compound in vivo. The plasma concentrations of senkyunolide A, N-butylphthalide, new osthol lactone, Z-ligustilide and butenyl phthalide were determined with UPLC-MS/MS. The content determination was conducted at the chromatographic conditions as follows: Shim-pack GIST C_(18)-AQ HP column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 3 μm), mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid solution(A)-acetonitrile(B), gradient elution, flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1), column temperature of 35 ℃ and injection volume of 2 μL. The mass spectra were obtained with electrospray ion source(ESI), positive ion mode and multi reaction monitoring. CPTA/β-CD inclusion compound was prepared by grinding method, DAS 2.0 software was used to model the data, and the absolute bioavailability of CPTA and relative bioavailability of inclusion compound were calculated. Finally, the methods for the determination of five components of senkyunolide A, N-butylphthalide, new osthol lactone, Z-ligustilide and butenyl phthalide in CPTA, were successfully established. The linear relationship among the five components was good within their respective ranges, r>0.99. The absolute bioavailability of the five components in rats was 22.30%, 16.32%, 21.90%, 10.16% and 12.43%, respectively. After CPTA/β-CD inclusion was prepared, the relative bioavailability of the five components was 138.69%, 198.39%, 218.01%, 224.54% and 363.55%, respectively, significantly improved. This method is rapid, accurate and sensitive, so it is suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of extracts in traditional Chinese medicine and their preparations.

Preparation and stability evaluation of artemether-loaded mixed micelles composed of the sodium glycocholate and soybean lecithin / 药学学报

In this study, artemether (ARM)-loaded mixed micelles (MM) composed of the sodium glycocholate (SGC) and soybean lecithin (SL) were prepared by film dispersion method. The effects of hydration medium, SL mass ratio and total concentration of excipients on the solubilization of ARM were investigated and the stability of MM was evaluated. Results showed that the particle size distribution of SGC-SL-MM prepared by phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4, 0.05 mol·L-1) was uniform, with an average size of 3.58 ± 0.14 nm and the polydispersity index (PDI) value was 0.16 ± 0.04. The solubility of ARM increased significantly from 0.64 ± 0.04 mg·mL-1 to 13.7 ± 0.13 mg·mL-1 along with the concentration of total excipient increasing from 1.0% to 30.0% (w/w). The calculated results of Arrhenius parameter and storage stability showed that the degradation rate constant of ARM in MM was smaller than that in acetonitrile-PBS (pH 7.4) at either 37 ℃ or 60 ℃. The experimental ARM-MM was clear after storing for two months at 25 ℃ and the degradation of ARM was less than 7.0%. In conclusion, the SGC-SL-MM can not only improve the solubility of ARM in aqueous solution, but also improve its chemical stability in aqueous solution at low temperature.

Studies on the stereoselective synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of dihydroartemisinin-O-glycoside derivatives.

Eight new dihydroartemisinin-O-glycosides were synthesized with their relative configurations were determined based on NMR spectrum. In vitro immunosuppressive assay showed that 10α-dihydroartemisinin-ß-O-d-mannoside (19a) demonstrate 88% inhibition towards T cells proliferation and 98% reduction in IFN-γ levels in cell media. These results suggest that dihydroartemisinin-O-glycoside as a potential lead for further in vivo evaluation.

Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginesa by Colorimetric Multiple Cross Displacement Amplification.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a major opportunistic pathogen in hospital-acquired infections. Thus, early diagnosis is the best strategy for fighting against these infections. In this report, we incorporated multiple cross displacement amplification (MCDA) combined with the malachite green (MG) for rapid, sensitive, specific and visual detection of P. aeruginosa by targeting the oprl gene. The MCDA-MG assay was conducted at 67°C for only 40 min during the amplification stage, and then products were directly detected by using colorimetric indicators (MG), eliminating the use of an electrophoresis instrument or amplicon analysis equipment. The entire process, including specimen processing (35 min), amplification (40 min) and detection (5 min), can be finished within 80 min. All 30 non-P. aeruginosa strains tested negative, indicating the high specificity of the MCDA primers. The analytical sensitivity of the MCDA-MG assay was 100 fg of genomic templates per reaction in pure culture, which was in complete accordance with MCDA by gel electrophoresis and real-time turbidity. The assay was also successfully applied to detecting P. aeruginosa in stool samples. Therefore, the rapidity, simplicity, and nearly equipment-free platform of the MCDA-MG technique make it possible for clinical diagnosis, and more.

A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity.

One great challenge in understanding the history of life is resolving the influence of environmental change on biodiversity. Simulated annealing and genetic algorithms were used to synthesize data from 11,000 marine fossil species, collected from more than 3000 stratigraphic sections, to generate a new Cambrian to Triassic biodiversity curve with an imputed temporal resolution of 26 ± 14.9 thousand years. This increased resolution clarifies the timing of known diversification and extinction events. Comparative analysis suggests that partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) is the only environmental factor that seems to display a secular pattern similar to that of biodiversity, but this similarity was not confirmed when autocorrelation within that time series was analyzed by detrending. These results demonstrate that fossil data can provide the temporal and taxonomic resolutions necessary to test (paleo)biological hypotheses at a level of detail approaching those of long-term ecological analyses.

Structure elucidation and NMR assignment of two new eudesmane derivatives from Merremia yunnanensis.

Two new eudesmane derivatives, 1α,6ß,9ß-trihydroxy-eudesm-3-ene-1-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (1) and 1α,6ß,9ß-trihydroxy-eudesm-3-ene-1-(6-cinnamoyl)-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (2) were discovered from Merremia yunnanensis. The structures were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data including HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR. It should be noted that this is the first report about structure elucidation and NMR assignment of compounds from M. yunnanensis.

Development of a novel celecoxib-loaded nanosuspension using a wet media milling process.

To develop a novel celecoxib (CXB)-loaded drug delivery system, numerous nanosuspensions were prepared with various polymers and surfactants using a wet media milling process, and their particle sizes were subsequently determined. A 24 full factorial design was used to identify the most appropriate preparation conditions. Pharmacokinetics of the selected nanosuspension were performed in rats and compared with those of a drug powder and a commercial CXB-loaded product. Among the carriers investigated, copovidone and sodium lauryl sulphate gave the smallest particle size of the drug in the nanosuspension. In particular, the nanosuspension prepared with 5% CXB, 4% copovidone, and 0.1% sodium lauryl sulphate, under the appropriate conditions, showed a particle size of approximately 190 nm, which was physically stable for at least 8 weeks. This nanosuspension provided a significantly higher plasma concentration and AUC in rats as compared with the drug powder and the commercial product. Thus, this novel CXB-loaded nanosuspension is a promising candidate with excellent stability and enhanced oral bioavailability.