Machine learning-based immune phenotypes correlate with STK11/KEAP1 co-mutations and prognosis in resectable NSCLC: a sub-study of the TNM-I trial.

BACKGROUND: We aim to implement an immune cell score model in routine clinical practice for resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (NCT03299478). Molecular and genomic features associated with immune phenotypes in NSCLC have not been explored in detail. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We developed a machine learning (ML)-based model to classify tumors into one of three categories: inflamed, altered, and desert, based on the spatial distribution of CD8+ T cells in two prospective (n = 453; TNM-I trial) and retrospective (n = 481) stage I-IIIA NSCLC surgical cohorts. NanoString assays and targeted gene panel sequencing were used to evaluate the association of gene expression and mutations with immune phenotypes. RESULTS: Among the total of 934 patients, 24.4% of tumors were classified as inflamed, 51.3% as altered, and 24.3% as desert. There were significant associations between ML-derived immune phenotypes and adaptive immunity gene expression signatures. We identified a strong association of the nuclear factor-κB pathway and CD8+ T-cell exclusion through a positive enrichment in the desert phenotype. KEAP1 [odds ratio (OR) 0.27, Q = 0.02] and STK11 (OR 0.39, Q = 0.04) were significantly co-mutated in non-inflamed lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) compared to the inflamed phenotype. In the retrospective cohort, the inflamed phenotype was an independent prognostic factor for prolonged disease-specific survival and time to recurrence (hazard ratio 0.61, P = 0.01 and 0.65, P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ML-based immune phenotyping by spatial distribution of T cells in resected NSCLC is able to identify patients at greater risk of disease recurrence after surgical resection. LUADs with concurrent KEAP1 and STK11 mutations are enriched for altered and desert immune phenotypes.

High expression of miR-17-5p in tumor epithelium is a predictor for poor prognosis for prostate cancer patients.

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNA molecules, which are involved in the development of various malignancies, including prostate cancer (PCa). miR-17-5p is considered the most prominent member of the miR-17-92 cluster, with an essential regulatory function of fundamental cellular processes. In many malignancies, up-regulation of miR-17-5p is associated with worse outcome. In PCa, miR-17-5p has been reported to increase cell proliferation and the risk of metastasis. In this study, prostatectomy specimens from 535 patients were collected. Tissue microarrays were constructed and in situ hybridization was performed, followed by scoring of miR-17-5p expression on different tumor compartments. High expression of miR-17-5p in tumor epithelium was associated with biochemical failure (BF, p < 0.001) and clinical failure (CF, p = 0.019). In multivariate analyses, high miR-17-5p expression in tumor epithelial cells was an independent negative prognostic factor for BF (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.32-2.67, p < 0.001). In vitro analyses confirmed association between overexpression of miR-17-5p and proliferation, migration and invasion in prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU145). In conclusion, our study suggests that a high cancer cell expression of miR-17-5p was an independent negative prognostic factor in PCa.

Low Expression of miR-424-3p is Highly Correlated with Clinical Failure in Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a highly heterogenous disease and one of the leading causes of mortality in developed countries. Recently, studies have shown that expression of immune checkpoint proteins are directly or indirectly repressed by microRNAs (miRs) in many types of cancers. The great advantages of using miRs based therapy is the capacity of these short transcripts to target multiple molecules for the same- or different pathways with synergistic immune inhibition effects. miR-424 has previously been described as a biomarker of poor prognosis in different types of cancers. miR-424 is also found to target both the CTLA-4/CD80- and PD-1/PD-L1 axis. In the present study, the clinical significance of miR-424-3p expression in PC tissue was evaluated. Naïve radical prostatectomy specimens from 535 patients was used for tissue microarray construction. In situ hybridization was used to evaluate the expression of miR-424-3p and immunohistochemistry was used for CTLA-4 protein detection. In univariate- and multivariate analyses, low expression of miR-424-3p was significant associated with clinical failure-free survival, (p = 0.004) and p = 0.018 (HR:0.44, CI95% 0.22-0.87). Low expression of miR-424-3p also associated strongly with aggressive phenotype of PC. This highlight the importance of miR-424-3p as potential target for therapeutic treatment in prostate cancer.

High number of kinome-mutations in non-small cell lung cancer is associated with reduced immune response and poor relapse-free survival.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death, and the past years' improved insight into underlying molecular events has significantly improved outcome for specific subsets of patients. In particular, several new therapies that target protein kinases have been implemented, and many more are becoming available. We have investigated lung cancer specimens for somatic mutations in a targeted panel of 612 human genes, the majority being protein kinases. The somatic mutation profiles were correlated to profiles of immune cell infiltration as well as relapse-free survival. Targeted deep sequencing was performed on 117 tumour/normal pairs using the SureSelect Human Kinome kit (Agilent Technologies), with capture probes targeting 3.2 Mb of the human genome, including exons and untranslated regions of all known kinases, kinase receptors and selected cancer-related genes (612 genes in total). CD8 staining was determined using Ventana Benchmark. Survival analyses were performed using SPSS. The number of mutations per sample ranged from 0 to 50 (within the 612 genes tested), with a median of nine. The prognosis was worse for patients with more than the median number of mutations. A significant correlation was found between mutations in one of selected DNA-repair genes and the total number of mutations in that tumour (p < 0.001). There was a significant inverse correlation between the number of infiltrating stromal CD8+ lymphocytes and the presence of EGFR mutations.

Strategies for clinical implementation of TNM-Immunoscore in resected nonsmall-cell lung cancer.

Immunoscore is a prognostic tool defined to quantify in situ immune cell infiltrates and appears highly promising as a supplement to the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of various tumors. In colorectal cancer, an international task force has initiated prospective multicenter studies aiming to implement TNM-Immunoscore (TNM-I) in a routine clinical setting. In breast cancer, recommendations for the evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been proposed by an international working group. Regardless of promising results, there are potential obstacles related to implementing TNM-I into the clinic. Diverse methods may be needed for different malignancies and even within each cancer entity. Nevertheless, a uniform approach across malignancies would be advantageous. In nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there are several previous reports indicating an apparent prognostic importance of TILs, but studies on TILs in a TNM-I setting are sparse and no general recommendations are made. However, recently published data is promising, evoking a realistic hope of a clinical useful NSCLC TNM-I. This review will focus on the TNM-I potential in NSCLC and propose strategies for clinical implementation of a TNM-I in resected NSCLC.

Co-expression of PDGF-B and VEGFR-3 strongly correlates with lymph node metastasis and poor survival in non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors [platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs)] are related to both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and are important targets in new cancer treatment strategies. We aimed to study the PDGFs/PDGFRs and correlations with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and investigate the prognostic impact of the co-expression of PDGF-B and VEGFR-3 and its correlation with LNM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tumor tissue samples from 335 resected patients with stage I-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were obtained and tissue microarrays were constructed from duplicate cores of tumor cells and tumor-related stroma from each specimen. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of the molecular markers PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-C, PDGF-D, PDGFR-alpha, PDGFR-beta, VEGFR-3 and D2-40. RESULTS: There were 232 N0 and 103 N+ patients (76 N1 and 27 N2). In multivariate analyses, high tumor cell PDGF-A expression (P = 0.017) correlated with LNM. Tumor cell co-expression of VEGFR-3 and PDGF-B correlated with nodal metastasis and was an independent indicator of poor prognosis (hazard ratio 4.8, confidence interval 95% 2.80-8.31, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Tumor cell PDGF-A expression correlates with LNM, and the co-expression of PDGF-B and VEGFR-3 is strongly associated with poor survival in NSCLC patients.

The prognostic impact of NF-kappaB p105, vimentin, E-cadherin and Par6 expression in epithelial and stromal compartment in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Vimentin, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p105, fascin, E-cadherin, TGF-beta, Par6 and atypical PKC are molecular markers that play an important role in cell differentiation. Herein, we investigate their prognostic impact in primary non-small-cell carcinoma (NSCLC). Tumour tissue samples from 335 resected patients with stage I-IIIA were used. Tissue microarrays were constructed from duplicate cores of both neoplastic cells and stromal cells and were immunohistochemically evaluated. In univariate analyses, high tumour epithelial cell expressions of NF-kappaB p105 (P=0.02) and E-cadherin (P=0.03) were positive prognostic indicators for disease-specific survival (DSS), whereas high tumour epithelial cell expression of vimentin (P=0.001) was a negative prognostic indicator. High expression of NF-kappaB p105 (P=0.001) and Par6 (P=0.0001) in the stromal compartment correlated with a good prognosis. In multivariate analyses, the tumour epithelial cell expression of NF-kappaB p105 (P=0.0001) and vimentin (P=0.005) and the stromal cell expression of NF-kappaB p105 (P=0.007) and Par6 (P=0.0001) were independent prognostic factors for DSS. High expression of NF-kappaB p105 and low expression of vimentin in tumour epithelial cells are independent predictors of better survival in primary NSCLC. In stromal cells, high expressions of NF-kappaB p105 and Par6 are both favourable independent prognostic indicators.

High-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated in northern Norway--treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors.

In an unselected group of patients with high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HG-NHL) treated at our institution during a 10-year period (1986-1995), we studied treatment outcome and influence of possible prognostic factors. 187 HG-NHL patients were analysed retrospectively with regard to personal, treatment and disease-specific characteristics. Median age was 65 years and the male:female ratio was 1.2:1. Over a median follow-up of 57 months the overall response rate was 87% (complete response 72%, partial response 15%). The 2- and 5-year cumulative disease-specific survival rates were 64+/-4% (mean +/- SEM) and 48+/-5%, respectively. In a univariate analysis, the following variables were associated with prognosis in terms of survival: Patient age, clinical stage, performance status, bone-marrow infiltration, haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum albumin. In multivariate analyses, patient age, performance status, LDH, and haemoglobin came out as independent prognostic factors for survival.