Assessment of left main coronary artery disease: a comparison between invasive and noninvasive.

Left main coronary artery disease has significant therapeutic as well as prognostic implications. The presence of left main coronary artery stenosis is strongly associated with poor short- and long-term prognoses. Accurate identification of left main stenosis is extremely important since it would be the main factor to guide management. There are several modalities used to determine the presence of atherosclerosis and the degree of stenosis in a left main coronary artery. Newer modalities allow for an accurate evaluation of left main stenosis and atherosclerosis. In this review, we go through different invasive and noninvasive modalities to diagnose left main stenosis, shedding more light into coronary computed tomography angiography, and its accuracy in this specific diagnosis.

Left ventricular apical aneurysm in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy-A case report.

A 56-year-old female, who immigrated to the USA from Honduras, presented with worsening shortness of breath, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and decreased exercise tolerance over the previous 2 months. She was diagnosed 1 year previously with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and non-sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator was placed. Cause for her dilated cardiomyopathy was unknown at that time. On admission, her electrocardiogram showed low voltage complexes, with frequent premature ventricular contractions. Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiogram (2D ECHO) showed severely reduced ejection fraction of 20%, severe mitral regurgitation with left ventricular (LV) hypokinesis, and inferolateral and inferior wall akinesis. On review of her records, a contrast 2D ECHO from the previous year revealed an aneurysm of the LV apical region. Live three-dimensional (3D) ECHO on her present admission showed persistent LV apical aneurysm. Computed tomography angiogram showed no atherosclerotic lesions. Multiple episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia were recorded on telemetry. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of Chagas cardiomyopathy was entertained. Serological tests for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies were done and returned positive. We report a case of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy that was initially missed but ultimately diagnosed based on the finding of LV apical aneurysm. .

Plasma homocysteine is elevated in COPD patients and is related to COPD severity.

BACKGROUND: Although recent studies have found that total plasma homocysteine (tHCY) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both risk factors for cardiac disease, there have been few studies of plasma homocysteine levels in COPD patients. We tested the hypothesis that total plasma homocysteine (tHCY) would be elevated in patients diagnosed with COPD compared with controls. METHODS: We studied 29 COPD outpatients and 25 asymptomatic subjects (controls) over age 55 years with measurement of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, tHCY and serum C-reactive protein (sCRP). RESULTS: There was no difference between controls vs. COPD patients in mean age or gender but mean (SD) FEV1 was 2.25 (0.77) vs. 1.43 (0.60) L; FEV1 per cent predicted 76.1 (17.2) vs. 49.1 (16.3) p < 0.001 in both cases. Median (IQR) tHCY was 8.22 (6.63, 9.55) in controls vs. 10.96 (7.56, 13.60) micromol/l for COPD, p = 0.006 and sCRP 0.89 (0.47, 2.55) vs. 2.05 (0.86, 6.19) mg/l, p = 0.023. tHCY(log) was also higher in (r, p) smokers (0.448, 0.001), patients with low FEV1 per cent (-0.397, 0.003), males (0.475, < 0.001), but high SGRQ Total score (0.289, 0.034), and high sCRP (0.316, 0.038). tHCY(log) was independently related to (regression coefficient, p) sCRP(log) (0.087, 0.024), male gender (0.345, < 0.001) and presence of COPD (0.194, 0.031). Median (IQR) tHCY GOLD Stage I and II 8.05 (7.28, 11.04), GOLD Stage III and IV: 11.83 (9.30, 18.30); p = 0.023. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma homocysteine is significantly elevated in COPD patients relative to age and sex-matched controls and is related to serum CRP and COPD severity.

Plasma homocysteine is elevated in COPD patients and is related to COPD severity.

BACKGROUND: Although recent studies have found that total plasma homocysteine (tHCY) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both risk factors for cardiac disease, there have been few studies of plasma homocysteine levels in COPD patients. We tested the hypothesis that total plasma homocysteine (tHCY) would be elevated in patients diagnosed with COPD compared with controls. METHODS: We studied 29 COPD outpatients and 25 asymptomatic subjects (controls) over age 55 years with measurement of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, tHCY and serum C-reactive protein (sCRP). RESULTS: There was no difference between controls vs. COPD patients in mean age or gender but mean (SD) FEV1 was 2.25 (0.77) vs. 1.43 (0.60) L; FEV1% predicted 76.1 (17.2) vs. 49.1 (16.3) p < 0.001 in both cases. Median (IQR) tHCY was 8.22 (6.63, 9.55) in controls vs. 10.96 (7.56, 13.60) micromol/l for COPD, p = 0.006 and sCRP 0.89 (0.47, 2.55) vs. 2.05 (0.86, 6.19) mg/l, p = 0.023. tHCY(log) was also higher in (r, p) smokers (0.448, 0.001), patients with low FEV1% (-0.397, 0.003), males (0.475, < 0.001), but high SGRQ Total score (0.289, 0.034), and high sCRP (0.316, 0.038). tHCY(log) was independently related to (regression coefficient, p) sCRP(log) (0.087, 0.024), male gender (0.345, < 0.001) and presence of COPD (0.194, 0.031). Median (IQR) tHCY GOLD Stage I and II 8.05 (7.28, 11.04), GOLD Stage III and IV: 11.83 (9.30, 18.30); p = 0.023. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma homocysteine is significantly elevated in COPD patients relative to age and sex-matched controls and is related to serum CRP and COPD severity.