ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A potential risk factor for prostate cancer is occupational physical activity. The occupational aetiology of prostate cancer remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to examine associations between the level of exposure to various measures of physical activity at work and the risk of Prostate Cancer. METHODS: Using the Finnish Job Exposure Matrix and the occupational history of 1,436 cases and 1,349 matched controls from an Australian case control study; we investigated five related exposure variables considered to be risk factors by comparing odds ratios. RESULTS: Modestly increasing odds ratios were detected with increasing levels of workload but there was no difference in this trend between moderate and high grade tumours. In regard to occupational physical workload no statistically significant association was observed overall but an increasing trend with level of exposure was observed for high grade compared with moderate grade tumours. CONCLUSION: Both workload and physical workload merit further investigation, particularly for the latter in relation to grade of tumour.
Subject(s)
Motor Activity , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , New South Wales/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology , Risk Factors , Victoria/epidemiology , Western Australia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Our aim was to identify gaps and limitations in the current literature and to make recommendations for future research required to address these. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed occupational exposures and related factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer between 2000 and 2012. These included chemical, ergonomic, physical or environmental, and psychosocial factors which have been reported by epidemiological studies across a range of industries. RESULTS: The results are inconsistent from study to study and generally this is due to the reliance upon the retrospectivity of case-control studies and prevalence (ecological) studies. Exposure assessment bias is a recurring limitation of many of the studies in this review. CONCLUSIONS: We consider there is insufficient evidence to implicate prostate cancer risk for ergonomic, physical, environmental or psychosocial factors, but there is sufficient evidence to implicate toxic metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). More research is required to identify specific pesticides that may be associated with risk of prostate cancer.
Subject(s)
Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology , Humans , Male , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
This randomized, controlled trial involving 316 patients in the home setting found no difference in the rate of phlebitis and/or occlusion among patients for whom a peripheral intravenous catheter was routinely resited at 72-96 hours and those for whom it was replaced only on clinical indication (76.8 events per 1,000 device-days vs 87.3 events per 1,000 device-days; P = .71). There were no bloodstream infections.
Subject(s)
Catheterization, Peripheral , Device Removal/instrumentation , Home Care Services , Phlebitis/epidemiology , Catheterization, Peripheral/adverse effects , Catheterization, Peripheral/instrumentation , Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects , Equipment Contamination/prevention & control , Female , Home Care Services/trends , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Phlebitis/etiology , Queensland , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to identify and evaluate approaches used to attract internationally trained nurses from traditional and non-traditional countries and incentives employed to retain them in small rural hospitals in Gippsland, Victoria. DESIGN: An exploratory descriptive design. SETTING: Small rural hospitals in Gippsland, Victoria. PARTICIPANTS: Hospital staff responsible for recruitment of nurses and overseas trained nurses from traditional and non-traditional sources (e.g. England, Scotland, India, Zimbabwe, Holland, Singapore, Malaysia). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Recruitment of married overseas trained nurses is more sustainable than that of single registered nurses, however, the process of recruitment for the hospital and potential employees is costly. Rural hospitality diffuses some of these expenses by the employing hospitals providing emergency accommodation and necessary furnishings. Cultural differences and dissonance regarding practice create barriers for some of the overseas trained nurses to move towards a more sanguine position. On the positive side, single overseas registered nurses use the opportunity to work in rural Australian hospitals as an effective working holiday that promotes employment in larger, more specialized hospitals. Overall both the registered nurses and the employees believe the experience to be beneficial rather than detrimental.
