ABSTRACT
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is among the most common malignancies in southern China. Deletion of genomic DNA, which occurs during the complex pathogenesis process for NPC, represents a pivotal mechanism in the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). In many circumstances, loss of TSGs can be detected as diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer. The short arm of chromosome 3 (3p) is a frequently deleted chromosomal region in NPC, with 3p21.1-21.2 and 3p25.2-26.1 being the most frequently deleted minimal regions. In recent years, our research group and others have focused on the identification and characterization of novel target TSGs at 3p, such as RASSF1A, BLU, RBMS3, and CHL1, in the development and progression of NPC. In this review, we summarize recent findings of TSGs at 3p and discuss some of these genes in detail. A better understanding of TSGs at 3p will significantly improve our understanding of NPC pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Adhesion Molecules , Genetics , Chromosome Deletion , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 , Genetics , Epigenesis, Genetic , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Genes, Tumor Suppressor , Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins , Genetics , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms , Genetics , RNA-Binding Proteins , Genetics , Trans-Activators , Genetics , Tumor Suppressor Proteins , GeneticsABSTRACT
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is an unique head and neck cancer. It is common among the southern Chinese and is closely associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). To diagnose the disease in its early stage is infrequent as the symptoms are usually trivial and patients only present in late stages. Testing the blood for elevated EBV DNA has now become a screening test for the high risk group of patients, aiming to diagnose the disease in its early stages. Imaging studies, positron emission tomography scans in addition to clinical examination provide information on the extent of the disease. The confirmation of the disease still depends on endoscopic examination and biopsy. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy has been the primary treatment modality. The application of intensity modulated radiotherapy and the use of concomitant chemoradiation have improved the control of nasopharyngeal carcinoma together with the reduction of long term side effects. The early detection of residual or recurrence tumor in the neck or at the primary site has allowed delivery of salvage treatment. The choice of the optimal surgical salvage, either for neck disease or primary tumor depends on the extent of the residual or recurrent disease. The outcome of these patients have improved with the application of the appropriate surgical salvage.
