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1.
Acta Neuropathol Commun ; 2: 66, 2014 Jun 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24923195

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Hallmarks of CNS inflammation, including microglial and astrocyte activation, are prominent features in post-mortem tissue from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and in mice overexpressing mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1G93A). Administration of non-targeted glucocorticoids does not significantly alter disease progression, but this may reflect poor CNS delivery. Here, we sought to discover whether CNS-targeted, liposomal encapsulated glucocorticoid would inhibit the CNS inflammatory response and reduce motor neuron loss. SOD1G93A mice were treated with saline, free methylprednisolone (MP, 10 mg/kg/week) or glutathione PEGylated liposomal MP (2B3-201, 10 mg/kg/week) and compared to saline treated wild-type animals. Animals were treated weekly with intravenous injections for 9 weeks from 60 days of age. Weights and motor performance were monitored during this period. At the end of the experimental period (116 days) mice were imaged using T2-weighted MRI for brainstem pathology; brain and spinal cord tissue were then collected for histological analysis. RESULTS: All SOD1G93A groups showed a significant decrease in motor performance, compared to baseline, from ~100 days. SOD1G93A animals showed a significant increase in signal intensity on T2 weighted MR images, which may reflect the combination of neuronal vacuolation and glial activation in these motor nuclei. Treatment with 2B3-201, but not free MP, significantly reduced T2 hyperintensity observed in SOD1G93A mice. Compared to saline-treated and free-MP-treated SOD1G93A mice, those animals given 2B3-201 displayed significantly improved histopathological outcomes in brainstem motor nuclei, which included reduced gliosis and neuronal loss. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previous reports that employed free steroid preparations, CNS-targeted anti-inflammatory agent 2B3-201 (liposomal methylprednisolone) has therapeutic potential, reducing brainstem pathology in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. 2B3-201 reduced neuronal loss and vacuolation in brainstem nuclei, and reduced activation preferentially in astrocytes compared with microglia. These data also suggest that other previously ineffective therapies could be of therapeutic value if delivered specifically to the CNS.


Subject(s)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Methylprednisolone/administration & dosage , Methylprednisolone/pharmacology , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics , Animals , Area Under Curve , Body Weight/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Central Nervous System/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Delivery Systems , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Glucocorticoids/pharmacology , Glutathione/administration & dosage , Glutathione/pharmacology , Humans , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Motor Activity/drug effects , Motor Neurons/drug effects , Motor Neurons/pathology , Neuroglia/drug effects , Neuroglia/physiology , Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage , Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology , Superoxide Dismutase/genetics , Time Factors , Vacuoles/drug effects , Vacuoles/pathology
2.
Epilepsy Res ; 108(3): 396-404, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24556423

ABSTRACT

It has been reported that glucocorticoids (GCs) can effectively control seizures in pediatric epilepsy syndromes, possibly by inhibition of inflammation. Since inflammation is supposed to be involved in epileptogenesis, we hypothesized that treatment with GCs would reduce brain inflammation and thereby modify epileptogenesis in a rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy, in which epilepsy gradually develops after electrically induced status epilepticus (SE). To prevent the severe adverse effects that are inevitable with long-term GC treatment, we used liposome nanotechnology (G-Technology(®)) to enhance the sustained delivery to the brain. Starting 4h after onset of SE, rats were treated with glutathione pegylated liposomal methylprednisolone (GSH-PEG liposomal MP) according to a treatment protocol (1× per week; 10mg/kg) that is effective in other models of neuroinflammation. Continuous electro-encephalogram (EEG) recordings revealed that SE duration and onset of spontaneous seizures were not affected by GSH-PEG liposomal MP treatment. The number and duration of spontaneous seizures were also not different between vehicle and GSH-PEG liposomal MP-treated animals. Six weeks after SE, brain inflammation, as assessed by quantification of microglia activation, was not reduced by GSH-PEG liposomal MP-treatment. Also, neuronal cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting were not affected. Our study shows that the selected GSH-PEG liposomal MP treatment regimen that was administered beyond the acute SE phase does not reduce brain inflammation and development of temporal lobe epilepsy.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Glutathione/administration & dosage , Methylprednisolone/administration & dosage , Phospholipids/administration & dosage , Status Epilepticus/drug therapy , Albumins , Animals , CD11b Antigen/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Delivery Systems , Electrodes, Implanted/adverse effects , Hippocampus/pathology , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Male , Methylprednisolone/blood , Microglia/drug effects , Microglia/metabolism , Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Status Epilepticus/etiology , Time Factors
3.
PLoS One ; 9(1): e82331, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24416140

ABSTRACT

Brain cancer is a devastating disease affecting many people worldwide. Effective treatment with chemotherapeutics is limited due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that tightly regulates the diffusion of endogenous molecules but also xenobiotics. Glutathione pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (2B3-101) is being developed as a new treatment option for patients with brain cancer. It is based on already marketed pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®/Caelyx®), with an additional glutathione coating that safely enhances drug delivery across the BBB. Uptake of 2B3-101 by human brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro was time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent, while pegylated liposomal doxorubicin mainly remained bound to the cells. In vivo, 2B3-101 and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin had a comparable plasma exposure in mice, yet brain retention 4 days after administration was higher for 2B3-101. 2B3-101 was overall well tolerated by athymic FVB mice with experimental human glioblastoma (luciferase transfected U87MG). In 2 independent experiments a strong inhibition of brain tumor growth was observed for 2B3-101 as measured by bioluminescence intensity. The effect of weekly administration of 5 mg/kg 2B3-101 was more pronounced compared to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (p<0.05) and saline (p<0.01). Two out of 9 animals receiving 2B3-101 showed a complete tumor regression. Twice-weekly injections of 5 mg/kg 2B3-101 again had a significant effect in inhibiting brain tumor growth (p<0.001) compared to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and saline, and a complete regression was observed in 1 animal treated with 2B3-101. In addition, twice-weekly dosing of 2B3-101 significantly increased the median survival time by 38.5% (p<0.001) and 16.1% (p<0.05) compared to saline and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, respectively. Overall, these data demonstrate that glutathione pegylated liposomal doxorubicin enhances the effective delivery of doxorubicin to brain tumors and could become a promising new therapeutic option for the treatment of brain malignancies.


Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy , Brain/pathology , Doxorubicin/analogs & derivatives , Drug Delivery Systems , Glutathione/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Brain/blood supply , Brain/drug effects , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Brain Neoplasms/ultrastructure , Capillaries/pathology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Doxorubicin/blood , Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Doxorubicin/therapeutic use , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/pathology , Female , Glioblastoma/drug therapy , Glioblastoma/pathology , Glutathione/blood , Glutathione/pharmacokinetics , Glutathione/pharmacology , Glutathione/therapeutic use , Humans , Mice , Mice, Nude , Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacokinetics , Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology , Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use , Survival Analysis , Time Factors , Tissue Distribution/drug effects , Treatment Outcome
4.
J Control Release ; 164(3): 364-9, 2012 Dec 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22732475

ABSTRACT

Neuroinflammation contributes to a wide range of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Of the available anti-inflammatory drugs, only glucocorticoids have shown central efficacy in CNS-related disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, their side effects are dose limiting. To optimally improve the therapeutic window of methylprednisolone, we enhanced its CNS delivery by using pegylated liposomes conjugated to the brain-targeting ligand glutathione. In healthy rats, plasma circulation and brain uptake were significantly increased after encapsulating methylprednisolone in glutathione pegylated (GSH-PEG) liposomes. Furthermore, the efficacy of GSH-PEG liposomal methylprednisolone was investigated in rats with acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS; rats received treatment (10mg/kg; i.v. injection), before disease onset, at disease onset, or at the peak of disease. Free methylprednisolone and non-targeted pegylated (PEG) liposomal methylprednisolone served as control treatments. When treatment was initiated at disease onset, free methylprednisolone showed no effect, while GSH-PEG liposomal methylprednisolone significantly reduced the clinical signs to 42±6.4% of saline control. Moreover, treatment using GSH-PEG liposomes was significantly more effective compared to PEG liposomes. Our findings hold promise for MS treatment and warrant further investigations into this brain delivery system for the treatment of neuroinflammation.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Brain/drug effects , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy , Methylprednisolone/administration & dosage , Acute Disease , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Brain/metabolism , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism , Glutathione/chemistry , Liposomes , Male , Methylprednisolone/pharmacokinetics , Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , Tissue Distribution
5.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 302(2): 619-26, 2002 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12130724

ABSTRACT

We previously modulated, by conjugating a single cholesterol, plasma protein binding and liver cell uptake of a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (PS-ODN). In this study, we investigated the biological fate of a PS-ODN, denoted ISIS-9389 (3',5'-bis-cholesteryl-conjugated ISIS 3082), provided with two cholesteryl moieties. After intravenous injection of into rats, [(3)H]ISIS-9389 was cleared from plasma with a half-life of 23.6 +/- 0.3 min. After 90 min (approximately 95% cleared), the liver contained 83.0 +/- 0.8% of the dose. Spleen and bone (marrow), which constitute with the liver the reticuloendothelial system, contained 3.1 +/- 0.3 and 4.3 +/- 0.2%, respectively. All other tissues accumulated together <5% of the dose. The hepatic uptake of [(3)H]ISIS-9389 occurred mainly by endothelial cells (51.9 +/- 6.4% of the liver uptake). Parenchymal and Kupffer cells were responsible for 24.9 +/- 7.7 and 23.3 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Preinjected polyinosinic acid and polyadenylic acid reduced hepatic uptake, albeit the latter was less effective. This finding suggests implication of (multiple) scavenger receptors in liver uptake of ISIS-9389. The interaction of ISIS-9389 with plasma proteins, analyzed by size exclusion chromatography, differs from that of unconjugated PS-ODN and PS-ODN with a single cholesterol. Plasma-incubated ISIS-9389 was mainly recovered as a high molecular weight complex. In conclusion, conjugation of PS-ODNs with two cholesteryl moieties results in almost quantitative uptake by the liver. The liver targeting exceeds the already impressive gain in liver uptake achieved by conjugation of a single cholesterol, and is expected to increase the therapeutic activity against liver-associated targets and reduce side effects in nonhepatic tissues.


Subject(s)
Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives , Liver/metabolism , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacokinetics , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacokinetics , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Base Sequence , Biological Transport , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol/pharmacokinetics , Half-Life , Kinetics , Kupffer Cells/metabolism , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Mice , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/blood , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thionucleotides/blood , Thionucleotides/pharmacokinetics , Tissue Distribution
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